Policy

Chained Women: When Religion and the State Intersect   

Reflections on Our Wounded Identities in Law

Sexual Orientation Discrimination in Private Employment

Performing Gender

Pornography: 
The Epitome of Sexuality

Subjectivity and Gender-Identity in Cyberspace

GWU

Women's Studies

Newsletter 2000

Resources

Submit links

Pornography: The Epitome of Sexuality

Construction of Sexuality
The Sexualization of Inequality  
Pornography as a Form of Sex
Objectification
Women Without A Voice
Misconceptions
The Liberated Woman? 
Possession: The Male Experience of Female Sexuality
Gender Inequality Made Natural 
Men on Top: Subordination Embedded in the the Female Experience  
The Imitation of Art: How Pornography Makes For Our Sexual Reality 
A Call For The Reconstruction Of Sexuality 
The Instillation of Hope

As a feminist, I often try to choose my battles.  In realizing that I do not possess the power to fight all sources of female oppression, I have tried to pick the few that impassion me the most, and have concentrated the majority of my efforts on overcoming these.  But sometimes, when you are not looking, a battle can pick you.  This is what happened to me upon reading endless feminist theory, and academic research, on the issue of pornography.  After studying Catharine A. MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin’s feminist theories on the relationship of pornography and sexuality, I decided to assume my place at the pornography battle forefront.  My effort to write a paper on pornography as the epitome of sexuality in our society launches my personal crusade.

            Pornography: the epitome of sexuality in our society?  Could this possibly be true?  Pornography is vile.  Pornography objectifies, humiliates, violates, and tortures women.  Pornography glorifies male violence, dominance, and power.  Pornography rapes women of body by encouraging such behavior from men.  Pornography rapes women of voice by taking away a woman’s ability to say no, to be heard, and listened to.  Pornography provides a glossy image of women: beautiful, flawless, passive, and submissive.  Pornography allows men to turn their female fantasies into today’s realities.  Am I suggesting that all of the lewdness that I have just described could actually be the primary determinant of sexuality?  Yes, I am.  Would I suggest that the relationship of pornography and sexuality is a feminist issue worthy of critical theoretical analysis?  Yes, I would.  In fact, I do. 

  Construction of Sexuality

Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin are two feminist theorists who pay homage to the construction of sexuality at the hands of male power.  Both of these theorists argue that pornography exemplifies sexuality.  I will focus my analysis on the theoretical underpinnings found in Feminism Unmodified (Catharine A. MacKinnon 1987), Toward a Feminist Theory of State (MacKinnon 1989), Letters From A War Zone (Andrea Dworkin 1993), and Pornography: Men Possessing Women (Dworkin 1981).  I will incorporate the works of others in my analysis to provide for a more significant critique of their feminist theory. 

Catharine MacKinnon views sexuality as being deeply embedded in the female experience.  She would argue that female sexuality is constructed by male power, thus the ability for men to be dominant and women to be submissive.  In essence, men “sexualize inequality,” thereby creating sexuality.  Secondly, MacKinnon views the power of men as the main ingredient in gender hierarchy.  The male and female differences presented in the gender hierarchy allow for male dominance to exist in the realm of sexuality.  MacKinnon sees these two dynamics as being actualized by pornography.  “Pornography makes inequality into sex, which makes it enjoyable, and into gender, which makes it seems natural” (MacKinnon 1987, p.3). 

            Andrea Dworkin shares many of MacKinnon’s theoretical views.  Dworkin agrees with MacKinnon that pornography represents sexuality’s construction in action.  Similarly to MacKinnon, Dworkin believes that the violation of women is made sexuality.  She sees gender insubordination as a means by which men express their power by dominating women, and maintaining female submissiveness.  Finally, Dworkin views male dominance as male pleasure.  Moreover, she sees violations such as the act of rape as the defining paradigm of sexuality: the ultimate display of male power and female powerlessness.  Pornography is the arena where Dworkin see male sexuality being represented (1993, p.5).  Aware of this, Dworkin is one of many feminists whose life is led in a state of terror.  

THE SEXUALIZATION OF INEQUALITY

            It is through the act of sex alone, MacKinnon claims, that men sexualize inequality.  MacKinnon views all acts of heterosexual sex as acts of dominance.  Rape is the foremost representation of sex as an act of dominance.  When is it that sexuality is constructed by male power and from inequality?  According to MacKinnon, “violence is sex when it is practiced as sex” (1997, p.164).  Pornography enables men to construct sexuality.  The male power embedded in pornography allows men to make inequality into sex by expressing violence as sex.  There is extreme danger in pornography’s expression of violence as sex.  Such an expression allows men the capability to play out such violent expression in the lives of women not displayed in pornographic magazines or films, but women who live in a real world, women such as you and I.   

  Pornography As A Form Of Sex

Many people question why feminists need concern themselves with the issue of pornography.  “If you don’t like it, then don’t look.”  Remarks like this only fortify the need to research pornography, its role in shaping sexuality, and why feminists need to claim it as a valid feminist issue.   

“A feminism that seeks to understand women’s situation in order to change it must therefore identify, criticize, and move those forms and forces that have circumscribed women in the world and in the mind” (MacKinnon 1987, 15).  

How would one identify pornography today?  It is important to not only identify the theoretical standpoint that sexuality is exemplified by pornography, but to understand where and how the standpoints are displayed.  This form of identification will allow for critical thinking about pornography to truly occur. 

In identifying pornography, I would look towards what is identified by it.  Sex and sexuality are identified by pornography.  Pornography is a form of sex, often prostituted sex, nonetheless.  Could a skin magazine such as Playboy, not showing a picture of intercourse, be sex?  Could a pornographic film showing a scene of a naked woman lying chained and blindfolded be considered sex?  To both questions, the answer is yes.  And why?  An act, in any form, that displays dominant/submissive behavior, perhaps engaging in or suggesting an engagement in violent behavior, allows for the possibility of sexual arousal.  That pornography allows one to become sexually aroused means that it becomes sex itself.  That is the form it takes (MacKinnon 1987, 6).    Best said in the words of Georges Bastille: “In essence, the domain of eroticism is the domain of violence, or violation” (Dworkin 1993, 19).  Pornography, as a form of sex, acts as a domain of violence.  For this reason, male power allows sexuality to be shaped by violence, and produce violent crimes in our daily lives. “Male sexual power is the substance of culture” (Dworkin 1981, 23). 

Objectification

Pornography violates women indirectly and directly.  Women, as non-consumers of pornography are still affected by the sexual inequality that it strives to reproduce and maintain.  Women who are photographed or filmed, are those affected directly.  The degrading manner in which women are displayed through pornography is one consequence of the sexualization of inequality.   

Pornography allows for women to be seen as objects.  It allows for the continuous objectification of women.  A woman may be represented as an animal through costume, or reference, i.e. a Playboy bunny.  Even if a woman is saved from being reduced to an animal, in pornography she is always an object.  Regardless of how she is displayed, the pornographed woman is always an object of male desire. 

The truth is that the women who grace the pages or screen will never be seen for anything other then a breast, a leg, a vagina, an object to be used for male pleasure.  In a society where male domination prevails, women are denied individual status.  The sex that men have is with “their image of a woman” (MacKinnon 1984, 328).  She is not Alison, Kim, or Jennifer.  She is a “playmate,” a “bunny,” or a “chick.”  If not this, she is reduced to a body part. 

“There is only a generic she, frequently called cunt so that what defines the genus is clear.  She is the hole between her legs.  Her nature justifies whatever men need to do to make that hole accessible to them on their terms” (Dworkin 1993, 175).

 Once again, “on their terms.”  This is the power that pornography provides for men.  Moreover, this is the answer to sexual construction that pornography provides for men.  Said best by MacKinnon, “pornography provides an answer.  Pornography permits men to have whatever they want sexuality” (1997, p.176).  Whatever they want sexuality, and whenever they want it.  Objectification of women is pornography’s visual display, male dominance in sexuality is the display in action.

  Women Without A Voice

What becomes of objectified women?  Based on the theoretical claims of MacKinnon and Dworkin, I would argue, whatever men want to become of them.  By controlling our sexuality, men control our lives.  In an androcentric society, the one common thread among women is that they are voiceless.  Male power exhibited by dominance in pornography, takes away the very voice of women.  Graced over magazine pages or across a screen, a woman is incapable of speaking the word that a pleasure seeking man hates to hear: “no.” 

Based on pornography’s popularity, I would assert that this is the way men like it.  In fact, they don’t want to hear no.  They don’t want to hear anything.  Women are viewed as a dispensable object of male pleasure.  The role of women is to please her man, and to not say a word about it.  The danger, as I will further discuss later, is that this fantasy of the ever-agreeing, voiceless woman, is not reality.  However, blinded by pornographic euphoria, some men try to turn it into a reality.  The difference being, when they hear no, and keep using the woman as an object for their pleasure, they are committing the crime of rape.  Because pornography makes rape seem wanted, normal, and acceptable, it essentially legitimizes the act of rape in our society.  Through violating women, the sexual message in pornography is that if there is one thing that women are worthy of, it is sexual mistreatment (Dines et al. 1998, 19).   

  Misconceptions

The sexualization of inequality exhibited through pornography projects misconceptions about women, their sexuality and their levels of enjoyment.  Dworkin makes a passionate statement about the misconceptions that pornography makes about women.  In her eyes, and my own,  

“Pornography says women want to be raped, battered, kidnapped, maimed; pornography says women want to be humiliated, shamed, defamed; pornography says that women say No but mean Yes-Yes to violence, Yes to pain” (Dworkin 1993, 203).

  Pornography allows men a dangerous role to act out their power and set the standard for sexuality.  It gives men a stage from which to vocalize what we, as women, are not allowed to say.  Pornography gives men a stage to stand on and tell others what women like, what women enjoy, and what women want, as best exhibited through the above words of Andrea Dworkin.  But news flash…these are not the things that women like, that women enjoy, nor that women want. 

  The Liberated Woman?

Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin both recognize Linda Marchiano as a victim of the sexualization of inequality.  In fact, Linda, like all women, are defined “by what is sexually done to them” (MacKinnon 1987, 14).  As a result of being a pornographic icon, endless projections were made about Linda’s level of enjoyment.  Though contrary to popular pornographic belief, smiles are not always blissful, and shrieks, yells, and deep breaths are not always orgasmically induced.

Linda was pornographed in Deep Throat, a film that many felt brought upon sexual freedom for numerous people.  The premise of the film is that Linda Lovelace (Linda Marchiano) is a woman whose clitoris is located in her throat.  The location of her clitoris leads to Linda loving oral sex as it is a source of her own pleasure.  Men brought their girlfriends and wives in hordes to see the film, hoping that the source of Linda’s “sexual liberation” would look attractive to those women viewers (MacKinnon 1987, 128). 

How liberating! they would say.  But liberating for whom?  For Linda?  Well, no, not quite.  Linda Marchiano was a victim of torture, death threats, humiliation, sodimization, and rape.  All of this at the hands of her then husband, and pornographer producer, Chuck Traynor.  Oftentimes forced to perform with a gun to her head, Linda had no choice but to act out the role of the fresh faced, sexually liberated woman (MacKinnon 1987, 129).  Her liberation performance was a mere act that pornographers sold to the public, and that the public bought.  Perhaps it was bought because it represented male desires, and hope that one day the girl on ‘his’ arm could be “liberated” too.  Of course this sexual liberation of women implied increase sexual pleasure for men. Throughout this “liberating” film, MacKinnon viewed Linda as acting with an “out-of-it-ness.” 

“Linda’s apparent enjoyment, which was a well-done charade, is the charade women learn in order to survive: to project sexual enjoyment whether we feel it or not” (MacKinnon 1987, 129).

I would argue, this is what is being offered to our women.  Pornography offers women a role.  Have sex with your man, please him in ways that may cause you pain or physical harm, smile when it hurts, tell him you want more, tell him where you want it, tell him you like it hard, tell him it doesn’t hurt, or better yet don’t tell him anything.  Instead, just do…do whatever he tells you, act the role of the dutiful girlfriend, or loving wife.  Strive to please at all costs, even personal costs.  Strive to please, and fear not the display of your powerlessness.  Indeed, men find physical weakness and incapability as one form of feminine beauty (Dworkin 1981, 16).  This female characteristic reinforces the notion that males possess power. 

The game is charades, one word, thing, you are a puppet.  Your strings are being pulled in every which way, you are entangled, you are in pain, and there is nothing you can do, just smile and act like you are enjoying it.  “Pornography exploits every experience in people’s lives that imprisons them…and would have you believe that it frees sexual feelings” (Stoltenberg 1993, 70). 

            Pornography is the puppeteer, and women its puppets.  Through films like Deep Throat, or magazines like Hustler, outlandish expectations are established for women.  Some women meet these expectations easily, others not so easily.  Nonetheless, women become submissive to the domination of men.  Many women simply project sexual enjoyment through their painstaking efforts, but far few cry out “free at last” when it is over.

Possession: The Male Experience Of Female Sexuality

With such expectations placed on women, how does this affect what men experience as our (female) sexuality?  The described expectations are further representations of male power: male dominance/female submissiveness.  The sexualization of inequality in pornography allows for this inequality to flourish.  Pornography permits a domain for male superiority.  Using, and most often abusing their power, men view women as objects that they can possess. 

“In contemporary industrial society, pornography is an industry that mass produces sexual intrusion on, access to, possession and use of women by and for men for profit.  It exploits women’s sexual and economic inequality for gain.  It sells women to men as and for sex.  It is a technologically sophisticated traffic in women” (MacKinnon 1989, 195). 

Drug trafficking is a common phrase, but women trafficking?  Sadly, though not a common phrase, it is a common practice. 

GENDER INEQUALITY MADE NATURAL

            The claim that trafficking in women is a common practice can be backed up by the theoretical claims of MacKinnon and Dworkin.  Dworkin asserts that social institutions and sexual practices are among the things that male domination is a system of (1993, p.174).  That men are able to “possess” women is a symbol of their “ownership.”  Moreover, this ownership represents a gender hierarchy where men own women publicly, as a social class, as well as privately, as sexual beings (Dworkin 1993, 176).

            Male power allows for gender differences to be encompassed by gender hierarchy.  Thus, the inequalities of men and women become part of the hierarchy, and are deemed acceptable and natural.  The gender hierarchy allows for the subordination of women to be accepted as the natural history of mankind.  Dworkin theorizes that subordination includes a hierarchy, a gender hierarchy.  Hierarchies are composed of one group on top, another below.  In the gender hierarchy, men are on top, and women are on the bottom (Dworkin 1993, 248).  The inferior placing of women in the gender hierarchy leads to many implications for women’s experiences and their sexuality as one such experience.

  Men On Top: Subordination Embedded In The Female Experience   

When women, as a group and individually, are placed at the bottom of a hierarchy, they may accept that no matter what they do, no matter what they say, no matter how high their hopes, they will always assume that bottom level.  Men enforce this gender inequality through dominance and subordination.  Dworkin views subordination as violence.  Furthermore, she views pornography’s sexualization of hierarchy as a means of producing a “carnivorous” characteristic in men.  Men become so desirous of the pleasure which subordinating women gives them, that the act of imposing the gender hierarchy becomes sexually pleasing as well.  Sex is the ultimate practice of imposing such subordination (1993, p.267).  In this way, pornography “institutionalizes the sexuality of male supremacy” (MacKinnon 1989, 197). 

In support of MacKinnon’s theory, John Stoltenberg asserts that pornography institutionalizes the sexuality of male supremacy by saying, “Here’s how…Here’s who...Here’s why…”  Through keeping women “down,” pornography makes female subordination erotic, sexy, and thrilling.  “It keeps sexism necessary for some people to have sexual feelings” (Stoltenberg 1993, 7).  Pornography is dependent on inequality.  Without it, men would not be able to violate, dominate, and use force.  Without inequality there would exist no male sexual arousal (MacKinnon 1989, 211).

The most common ending of pornographic films is the footage of a man ejaculating onto the body of a woman (Dines et. al 1998, 67).  This clearly supports MacKinnon and Dworkin’s claims that inequality through the gender hierarchy uses subordination to construct sexuality.  Ejaculating on a woman, and not in her, exhibits male hierarchy by reducing the women to an object for male pleasure.  In many ways this action is a form of men “keeping women in their place.”  It is degrading, and humiliating, and is a pornographic tool to show the woman not as a woman, but as a whore, slut, etc…

            This is where we stand.  This is our reality.  Pornography makes inequality into sex, thereby enjoyable, and makes inequality into gender, thereby natural.  As MacKinnon theorizes: “The values of pornography are the values that rule our lives” (1987, p.132).  Support for MacKinnon’s claim can be found through Carol Gilligan’s eloquent usage of Viriginia Woolf in “Women’s Place in Man’s Life Cycle.”

“‘It is obvious that the values of women differ very often from the values which have been made by the other sex…it is the masculine values that prevail’”(1997, p.206).           

Inequality, male power, subordination, and dominance are valued.  Sexuality constructed at the hands of men is valued.  I would go on to further claim that those things not valued in pornography are not valued in our lives.  The female voice, the word ‘No’, women as human beings are not valued.  Where does this reality leave us?  It leaves us to live in a world where pornography violates our women, so men practice violence on our women.  Somehow, both have acts become normalized.  Somehow.

The Imitation of Art: How Pornography Makes For Our Sexual Reality

Pornography acts as an information source for male sexuality.  Later on, pornography becomes the practice.  Andrea Dworkin reports on research proving that pornography, embedded with perceptions of female pleasure through abuse, is teaching male sexual strategy (1993, p.207).  There is an old saying that children live what they learn.  I believe the same to be true of men who use pornography.  Be well aware, this is a dangerous practice. 

            In contrast to Dworkin and MacKinnon’s theory that pornography teaches a “sexual strategy” based on abuse, is the declaration of a journalist and the female pornographer producer whom she quoted.

“ ‘I have women come up to me all the time saying, “thank you so much, I learned about oral sex from you,” or “I learned how to ask somebody to wear a condom.”  In fact, quite a few viewers use porn videos not only for titillation, but as inspiration and education.  Although there are many educational sex tapes out there, that doesn't stop people from picking up a few ideas from the mainstream releases” (Selke 2000, 40).

Dworkin and MacKinnon both view rape as the ultimate display of male power.  The fact that rape is glorified through pornography should come as no surprise. 

“The sexual colonialization of women’s bodies is a material reality: men control the sexual and reproductive uses of women’s bodies.  In this system of male power, rape is the paradigmatic sexual act” (Dworkin 1993, 229).

Pornography allows men to feel like they possess women.  Unfortunately, some men do not differentiate between fantasy and reality.  In relation to fantasy and reality differential, some libertarian feminists denounce the radical feminist theories of Dworkin and MacKinnon.  One feminist criticism aimed at radical feminism is that their theories habitually equate female victimization with female sexuality.  Furthermore, some libertarian feminists criticize radical feminist theory for depicting pornographic fantasy as lacking a positive meaning for women’s sexuality (Berger et al. 1991, 42).  In support of Dworkin and MacKinnon’s theories, I would argue that any positive fantasies that are found in pornography, and pornographic fantasy, are learned attitudes about what female sexuality and sexual pleasure for women are and should be. 

In Pornography: Men Possessing Women, Dworkin presents the theory that male sexuality is interchangeable with male power (1981).  Many researchers have found Dworkin’s theory to be quite valid.  Lynne Segal applies this theory to her critique of pornography.  She redefines pornography as “…material which depicts violence against women, and is in itself violence against women” (Segal, 1993, 8). 

Pornography allows men to impose their fantasies into our realities.  Moreover, it gives men a way to dissolve women of any human worth through acts of violence, particularly rape.  ‘Pornography is the Theory, Rape is the Practice.’ (Unknown).  Upon seeing women as a dispensable object, existing for their pleasure, men are misguided to believe that they can take whatever they want from women, including sex. 

A Call For The Reconstruction Of Sexuality

Pornography sends harmful messages to women, as it serves to keep them in a state of oppression.  It also sends harmful messages to young boys and men.  Pornography tells “male truth as if it were universal truth” (Dworkin 1993, 22).  Political researcher and writer Dany Lacombe views the theory of truth as the producer of a male sexuality that exists as the political problem that feminists face (1994, p.43).  Women alone must be the truth tellers of their sexuality.  If a female construction of sexuality were the issue then no political problem would exist.  Because it is male sexuality, and because male sexuality is constructed from male power, means that feminist issues such as pornography are continuously in gridlock. 

Also harmful is that pornography “sets the public standard for the treatment of women in private and the limits of tolerance for the treatment of women in public, such as in rape trials” (MacKinnon 1989, 247).  In the 1980’s The Question of Pornography: Research Findings and Policy Implications, written by Donnerstein, Linz, and Penrod, presented empirical research to support MacKinnon and Dworkin’s theoretical claims.  Through their research, the correlation between pornography and violence, as well as the norm of subordination, were documented.  The researchers of this book strove to publicly emphasize that:

“…exposure to aggressive pornography can not only arouse some men, but might in some cases, in particular contexts, alter certain men’s attitudes and behaviour towards women.  Specifically, such exposure can produce more calloused attitudes towards women and greater acceptance of rape myths which downplay or dismiss the significance of rape” (Segal, 1993, 13).

Pornography cannot be the source of sexual construction, for then sexuality will never be free of inequality. According to a recent article in Hypatia, to achieve equality it is necessary to be representative of women at large.  “We must somehow take account of the diversity and complexity of women's experiences, including their experiences with pornography” (Carse 1999, 109).  Women alone must define their sexuality, and be free of the male oppression that is kept alive by pornography.  The standards for the treatment of women must be the highest standards equated with human rights.  Women want and deserve justice.

As women, we are presented with a challenge.  Men and women have learned sex and sexuality through a patriarchal institution of sex.  The reconstruction of sexuality will not be a path free of a few bumps along the way.  What this implies is that, “…for some time we might have to face great uncertainty about who we are as sexual beings and what kind of sex we want to have” (Dines et. al, 1998, 6).  Pornography has allowed for humans to be preconditioned for a sexuality of dominance/submission.  Individually, people must decide the sexuality that they want. 

  The Instillation of Hope

            Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon’s feminist theories on pornography are worthy of intensive critical thought.  Embedded with passion and significance, their theories offer lenses through which to view sexuality in our culture.  Both theories make the claim that male power is the gateway to the arena of pornography.  Within this arena occurs the sexualization of inequality as well as the normalization of gender differences and hierarchy.  Pornography epitomizes sexuality.  Pornography exists to preserve male power, and female subordination, through the construction of sexuality.  Men and women must embrace feminist theory such as Dworkin’s and MacKinnon’s.  Furthermore, men and women must apply such theory and bring awareness to the dangerous role that pornography plays in each of our lives. 

“And life, which means everything to me, becomes meaningless,      because these celebrations of cruelty destroy my very capacity to feel and to care and to hope. I hate the pornographers most of all for depriving me of hope” (Dworkin 1993, 23). 

It is time to fight the battle, and time to overcome the oppression that pornography permits.  Together, we must end the production and consumption, the supply and demand, of pornography and inequality.  Let us work together to instill hope in women and men.  As women, let us reconstruct sexuality by our hands alone.  Let us celebrate the freedom that awaits us.   

REFERENCES

Berger, R.J., Searles, P., & Cottle, C.E. (1991). Feminism and Pornography.

            New York: Praeger Publishers.

Carse, Alisa L. (1999). Pornography’s Many Meanings: A Reply To Catharine A.

            MacKinnon’s Conception [Part 2 of 2]. Hypatia, 14(1), 105+.

Dines, G., Jensen, R., & Russo, A. (1998). Pornography: The Production And

            Consumption Of Inequality. New York: Routledge.

Dworkin, Andrea. (1981). Pornography: Men Possessing Women. London:

            The Women’s Press.

Dworkin, Andrea. (1993). Letters From A War Zone. Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books.

Gilligan, Carol. (1997). “Women’s Place in Man’s Life Cycle,” from In a Different

            Voice. In Linda Nicholson (Ed.), The Second Wave (pp.198-215).

            New York: Routledge.

Lacombe, Dany. (1994). BLUE POLITICS: Pornography and the Law in the Age of

            Feminism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1987). Feminism Unmodified. Cambridge:

            Harvard University Press.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1989). Toward a Feminist Theory of State.

            Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1997). “Sexuality,” from Toward a Feminist Theory of State.   

            In Linda Nicholson (Ed.), The Second Wave (pp.158-180). New York: Routledge.

Segal, Lynne. (1993). Does Pornography Cause Violence? In Pamela C. Gibson and Roma

            Gibson (Eds.), Dirty Looks: Women, Pornography, Power. London: British Film Institute.

Selke, Lori. (2000). Boogie Nights. Alice Magazine. 1(2), 40.

Stoltenberg, John. (1993). Pornography and Freedom. In Diana E. H. Russell (Ed.),

            Making Violence Sexy: Feminist Views on Pornography (pp. 65-77).

            New York: Teachers College Press.

| contact | articles | top