List of Attachments For Briefing Book Volume 4 Attachment 1: DOE Facts Additional Human Experiments Attachment 2: United States Department of Energy Experiment Inventory Form Attachment 3: Fallout of Uranium During UF6RELE (Taken from KY/L-694, Part II, I/ and KY/L-765, Part 2, 3/26/75, T.J. Mayo) Prepared by Martin Marietta Utility Services ADDITIONAL HUMAN EXPERIMENTS The Department of Energy has recently identified a number of human radiation experiments in addition to those previously described in the 1986 Markey report. A consolidated list of these experiments and the related documents are available for review in the public reading room. SPECIFICALLY: ù The list identifies forty-eight human radiation experiments that were conducted from the 1920's until 1989. The studies represent a broad spectrum in terms of purpose, number of subjects, radioisotopes, degree of severity, dates and places. ù The experiments listed are those for which a medical benefit to the subjects involved was not expected. Specific categories include the use of isotopes: -- in basic metabolic studies -- as tracers -- for the detection of human disease or abnormalities -- to determine a therapeutic potential. ù Radioisotopes used included: Arsenic-76; Astatine-211; Barium-l33,140; Bromine-82; Calcium-45; Californium-252; Carbon-14; Cesium-132,134,137; Chlorine-36,38; Chromium-51; Gallium-67,72; Gold-198; Iodine-125,13l; Iron-55,59; Lanthanum-140; Lutetium-l77; Mercury-203 ,205; Niobium-92m; Phosphorus-32; Potassium-39,42; Radium-226; Rubidium-86; Sodium-22 ,24; Strontium-85,89; Technetium-99; Tritiated Thymidine; Atrium-90; Zinc-65; zirconium-89. ù Healthy subjects were included, as well as terminally ill patients, pregnant women, psychiatric patients, children, and fetuses. (more) U.S. Department of Energy Public Affairs Office Contact: Mary Ann Freeman (202) 586-5806 page 2 ù As many as 1,200 human subjects may have participated in these research experiments conducted at medical facilities around the United States. WHO ARE THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS?: ù Subjects of Human radiation Experimentation and their families. This information will provide critical facts about the experiments and why they took place. ù Government Officials. This effort will aid determinations about whether human radiation experimentation was conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and guidelines. ù Historians and Other Researchers. This effort will enhance the ability of researchers to analyze scientific, medical, historical, and administrative aspects of human radiation experimentation and related topics. DOE FACTS RADIATION EXPERIMENTS UPDATE Our review of open scientific literature has revealed hundreds of studies involving radioisotopes and human subjects from the 1940's to the present. The vast majority of these studies took place at universities and hospitals. Our information collection efforts to this point have identified a number of experiments not previously listed in the November 1986 Congressional Report, "American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens." These experiments are summarized in an attachment to this fact sheet. The Department of Energy has not fully analyzed the listed experiments, although we have provided all known documentation to the President's Advisory Committee. It is important to note that this list represents only a small fraction of the total number of experiments that were conducted. The list is a working document, and we anticipate adding both more experiments and more details about individual experiments as our work continues. SPECIFICALLY: We have reviewed various published sources to identify individual experiments. These sources include: - Isotopes: An Eight Year Summary, 1946-1953. - Radioactivity and Health: A History, by J. Newell Stannard. - Nuclear Science Abstracts, 1948-1976. - Semiannual and Annual Reports of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1947-1974. (more) U.S. Department of Energy Public Affairs Office Contact: Mary Ann Freeman (202) 586-5806 Page 2 ù We have reviewed records in DOE and contractor facilities, federal records centers, in the permanent holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration, and in the custody of non-Federal repositories. ù We have reviewed each of the 11,000 documents recently placed in the Coordination and Information Center. BACKGROUND: ù Our literature review has indicated that there were hundreds of studies at universities and hospitals dating from the 1940's that involve radioisotopes and human subjects. ù While DOE did not formally conduct these sorts of experiments, the agency and it predecessors did supply radioisotopes and, in some cases, funds for individual experiments. ù For those experiments that took place under direct agency supervision, such as the plutonium injections, we are in a clear position to locate and retrieve specific data. ù We are continuing to investigate the circumstances of all human radiation experiments, although it appears that some experimentation extends beyond our area of authority. BENEFITS: ù Evaluation of human radiation experiments will be enhanced with detailed knowledge of the circumstances of individual tests and studies. ù Historians and other researchers will have access to the scientific, operational and policy data relating to specific experiments conducted by the government and by non- government organizations. ù Facts relating to specific experiments as well as the institutional context in which they occurred will be made available to the public (personal privacy information will be protected). WHO ARE THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS?: ù The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. This work will provide the Committee with information they need to carry out their mandate from the President. (more) Page 3 ù Subjects of Human Radiation Experimentation and their families. Institutional mapping will provide critical facts about the experiments and why they took place. ù Government Officials. This effort will aid determinations about whether human radiation experimentation was conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and guidelines. ù Historians and Other Researchers. This effort will enhance the ability of researchers to analyze scientific, medical, historical, and administrative aspects of human radiation experimentation and related topics. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. What is the difference between government-sponsored experiments and those conducted outside the government? A. We are still trying to determine the difference. It appears that some of the experiments the MED and AEC conducted were concentrated during and just after World War II and were closely connected with development of nuclear weapons and related occupational health issues. The post-war radioisotope studies focused more on general health research, which allowed non-government institutions (although funded by the government) to become involved. The ethical and scientific standards of all categories of experiments do, however, need to be evaluated. Q. What was the total number of experiments that were conducted? A. We do not have a precise count. Our review of records and published sources indicates that there were hundreds, if not not thousands, of radioisotope studies conducted over the past 50 years. We need to continue working with independent bodies such as the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments to categorize and evaluate the universe of experiments. DRAFT Attachment CONSOLIDATED LIST OF HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS A number of human radiation experiments have been identified from the recent document search efforts in addition to those previously described in the 1986 Markey Report. Although these experiments represent a broad spectrum in terms of purpose, numbers of subjects, radioisotopes, degree of severity, dates and places, the following are given as examples: 1. Iron Metabolism in Human Pregnancy as Studied with the Radioactive Isotope Fe-59 Iron-59 ingestion studies were conducted at the Vanderbilt University Hospital during the years 1942-1949 to determine the absorption of iron during pregnancy. Researchers also studied iron-59 distribution in fetal tissues and transfer rates from the women to fetuses. One group of 819 healthy pregnant women ingested tracer amounts of Fe-59, and 466 of these women were studied during return visits to Vanderbilt between 1947 and 1950. The journal article in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, v9l 61, 1951, pp 477-486, notes that the 466 women received single doses ranging from 1.8 to 120 mg of Fe59. Another article located in the American Journal of Epidemiology, vol 90, 1969, pp 1-10 notes that the fetal radiation doses have been estimated as 5 - 15 cGy (rad). The early-studies were funded by the Nutrition Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the State of Tennessee. Follow-up studies to determine long-term health effects in children born to these mothers were funded by the Public Health Service and the Atomic Energy Commission. Radiation doses to maternal blood were estimated to be about 0.2 rad. A small increase in cancer incidence was observed in these children (3 cases in 634 exposed children compared to none in 655 comparison children). 2. Uptake of Iodine-131 in Thyroids of Psychiatric Patients Iodine-131 was injected into hospital patients to study the thyroid gland and investigate new methods for treating thyroid cancer. A laboratory report to the Atomic Energy Commission describes the "problem of investigating psychiatric patients with radioiodine" to supply baseline information about normal thyroids. Sixty-five of the human subjects were patients from the Langley Porter Clinic for mental diseases. They were studied to determine whether any abnormal thyroid function existed in patients with mental disorders. No abnormal thyroid function was found, so this group constituted a normal thyroid control group. The Atomic Energy Commission partially funded this work, and the research is described by Dr. Robert Stone in a progress report of the University of California Radiation Laboratory for the period July 1, 1949 to April 15, 1950. The results were published as "Thyroid Function in Mental Disease Measured with Radioiodine, 1-131," in the American Journal of Psychiatry 106:561-572. DRAFT 3. Distribution of Chlorine-38, Sodium-24, and~Bromine-82 in Extracellular fluids of Chronically Ill Patients The total volume of extracellular fluids in 15 humans was studied at Brookhaven National Laboratory during the period 1952 to 1953. Five chronically ill hospital patients were injected with Cl-38 and Na-24, prepared at the Brookhaven Reactor. Ten other patients were injected with Cl-38 and Br-82. Total radiation doses were planned so that the weekly dose limit of 0.3 rep (0.3 rad) would not be exceeded. Blood samples were drawn at various times post-injection and counted for radioactivity. The patients were considered to be "normal" subjects for purposes of this study. This work was funded by the Atomic Energy Commission, and was reported in BNL-1326, "Chloride, Bromide, Sodium, and Sucrose Spaces in Humans," by J.L. Gamble, Jr., J.S. Robertson, C.A. Hannigan, C.G. Foster, and L.E. Farr, dated February 4, 1953. Reference is made in the text to three other related studies in normal human subjects to determine extracellular fluid volumes. 4. Neonatal Iodine-131 Uptake Studies University of Tennessee, Memphis, Van Middlesworth. Funded by Atomic Energy Commission to check for hypothyroidism. Dosage of iodine-131 was 1-2 microcuries, with maximum doses about 60 rep in newborns. There was informed coseent, but signed records are not available. Seven male infants (one white and six black) were included in the study. An article in the AMA American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1951, pp 439-442, by Van Middlesworth describes the experiment. A journal article (Journal of Nuclear Medicine vol 4, 1963, p 162) mentions a study conducted by the State University of Iowa, supported in part by grants from Atomic Energy Commission Biology and Medical Division (AT(11-1)291) and the American Cancer Society (T-159C). Seventeen newborn infants received 1 uc I-131 intramuscular radioiodine to study thyroidal uptake. Eight newborns received oral radioiodine. Scientists included R.T. Morrison, J.A. Birbeck, T.C. Evans, and J.I. Routh. Studies using iodine-131 in newborns are cited in the following: Pediatrics, vol 17, 1956, p 503, E.E. Martmer, K.E. Conigan, H.P. Charbendeau, and A. Sosin; and Pediatrics vol 26, 1960, p 771. The first article notes that Martmer et al reported in 1956 on the tyroid uptake of 1-131 in 65 premature and 5 term infants (aged 1 to 63 days). The infants received a 5 microcurie oral dose. The second article cites a second study in 1960 reported by Ogborn, et al, where the radioiodine uptake in the thyroid of 28 newborns (3 to 7.5 days old) was studied. The infants received a dose of 5 microcuries. This appears to be the same study. It is not known if Atomic Energy Commission sponsored the study. 5. Uptake of Radioiodine in Human Embryos Studies were conducted at the University of Iowa during 1953 on the uptake of iodine-131 in human embryo thyroids. Dosages of 100 to 200 microcuries of 2 DRAFT 1-131 were given to pregnant women scheduled for therapeutic abortion. The aborted embryos were sectioned and autoradiographed. The human embryos showed thyroid uptake at four weeks, nearly one month sooner than was previously known. This finding was important to medicine in understanding transmission of radioiodine across the placental barrier. The information gained from this study was also useful for determining the amount of radioiodine that could be given to pregnant women and the time it could be given in terms of protecting the unborn child. The number of subjects is not known. This work appears to have been funded by the Atomic Energy Commission. The work is reported in the Monthly Status and Progress Report of the Commission's Division of Biology and Medicine for the month of June 1953. 6. Strontium Injection Studies During the Strontium Metabolism meeting at the Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Biology and Medicine' on January 27, 1954, a discussion was held on pathological changes produced by strontium. Dr. Joseph Hamilton mentioned that Dr. Friedell administered 10 millicuries of strontium-89 to a patient, which was considered to be "about a lethal dose." This evoked a "searching of minds" for cases of accidental exposure in humans and a number of such instances were recalled. The Health Division Progress Report, November 20-December 20, 1954 (Los Alamos) mentions the intravenous injection of strontium-89 to study distribution of strontium among serum proteins. The summary does not state whether this study was human or animal, or whether it is related to the study noted in the above paragraph. For perspective, in June 1993, the U.S. food and Drug Administration approved the injection of strontium-89-chloride for palliation of painful bone metastases. The approved dosage is 4 millicuries. 7. Plutonium Ingestion Study On May 13, 1946, six male employees of the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Manhattan Engineer District in Chicago drank a water solution containing 409 counts per minute (about 0.18 nanocuries) of plutonium-239. The study is documented in a June 26, 1946, memorandum from E.R. Russell to J.J. Nickson (Director of the Health Division at the Metallurgical Laboratory). The purpose of this study was to investigate the gastrointestinal absorption and fecal excretion rate of ingested plutonium. Scientists also hoped to use results to improve the interpretation of plutonium exposure and bioassay data collected from occupationally exposed persons. Participation in this experiment Was entirely voluntary, and the amounts of plutonium were sufficiently low as to be barely detectable in urine and feces with instrumentation available in 1946. At least two of the subjects were still alive in 1994. 3 DRAFT 8. Tulane Studies A series of metabolic experiments were conducted at Charity Hospital and Tulane University. The primary focus of the experiments was. to investigate the role of electrolytes in congestive heart failure patients. The total number of subjects studied is not well known and some may have participated more than once. Follow-up journal articles describing the studies have been published. Approximately 269 subjects were included in the study, although some of these subjects may have participated in more than one study. Radioisotopes used included: mercury-203,205, chlorine-36, sodium-22,24, rubidium-86, and potassium-39,42. One subject received only X-ray radiation to examine the radiation effects on the human subjects. The radioisotope studies examined retention times, excretion rates, biologic decay rates, and a variety of other physiological parameters. 9. Uptake of Tritiated Thymidine by Tumors in Cancer Patients In 1962, tritiated (H-3) thymidine, a DNA synthesis tracer, was injected into four cancer patients scheduled for surgery. The rate of tritium uptake was studied in tumors and in normal cells. The study also examined the tumor cell proliferation process. Tissue was removed from the tumor and from normal skin for comparison. Results confirmed previous results in experimental animals: that tumor cells do not necessarily proliferate faster than normal cells. The study was a joint project of the Northwestern University Medical School, the Veterans Administration Research Hospital, and the Argonne National Laboratory, with funding from the Atomic Energy Commission. Dr. R. Baserga may have been one of the principal scientists. Other participating scientists include G. C. Henegar, W. E. Kisieleski, and H. Lisco. The study is reported In "Uptake of Tritiated Thymidine by Human Tumors In Vivo," Laboratory Investigation vol II, no. 5, May 1962, pages 360-364. (from series Tritiated Thymidine Injection Experiment, Argonne National Laboratory.) 10. Effect of Oral or Injected Phosphorus-32 on Hemoglobin Metabolism in Patients with Polycythemia Vera This study was conducted by the Health Division of the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago Hematology Clinic (six patients) and at the University of Minnesota (one patient). Five patients received an oral dosage of 15-40 millicuries P-32, and two patients were injected with undetermined amounts of P-32 in a study of the metabolism of hemoglobin and metabolism in man. These experiments took place between October, 1994, and June, 1945. Five of the case descriptions are reported in "Studies of the Hemolytic Effect of Radiation," by S. Schwartz, E.J. Katz, L.M. Porter, L.O. Jacobson, and C.J. Watson, in Report CH-3760, Metallurgical Laboratory, Chicago, July 10, 1946 (National Archives, Argonne Collection). This report does not address whether patient benefit was expected or observed. 4 DRAFT 11. Arsenic-76 Biodistribution and Excretion Studies Twelve hospital patients were injected intravenously in 1947 with As-76, as potassium arsenite, to study the uptake, retention, distribution, and excretion of arsenic. The study was conducted by the Argonne National Laboratory in 1947, in Chicago. The subjects included five males and seven females hospitalized with leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, polycythemia vera, melanocarcinoma, and carcinoma of the parotid, and ranged in age from 18 to 67. Amounts of As-76 administered were 0.5 to 13.8 millicuries. The study was reported in "Arsenic-76 Preliminary Studies," a progress report, by Dr. W.B. Neal, Dr. L.0. Jacobson, H. Ducoff, and T. Kelly, Argonne National Laboratory, Biology Division, June 1, 1947 (Part of CH-3830, National Archives, Argonne Collection). 12. Colloidal Gold-198 Studies at Oak Ridge The Seventh Annual Report of the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (June 30, 1953), described the administration of colloidal gold-198. The experiment was conducted in the hope of having a therapeutic effect on two individuals who had cancer of the liver. Several other human subjects with advanced cancer were injected with colloidal Au-198, shortly before their death, to study the metabolism and biodistribution of colloidal gold. A report on these experiments results was published in Cancer 6(2), March 1953. 13. Clinical Experiments on Use of Lutetium-177, Yttrium-90, Gold-198, Iodine-131, Gallium-67, Gallium-72, and Strontium-85 at Oak Ridge The Sixth through Ninth annual reports of the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (June 30, 1955) describe the early clinical use of injected lutetium-177, yttrium-90, gold-198, iodine-131, gallium-67, gallium-72, and strontium-85. Some of the work was reported in Radiology 61(4):534-613, 1953; Cancer 7:856-866, 1954 (gold-198), and in Radiology 63:251-257, 1954 (colloidal P-32). The purpose of these studies was to investigate the therapeutic-properties of various radioisotopes for treating cancer. In many cases, a therapeutic benefit to the patient was hoped for. However, there were also a number of metabolic studies that were conducted using terminally ill cancer patients to determine the biodistribution and retention of different radioisotopes, and their rates of excretion from the body. These studies were supported by the Atomic Energy Commission and are considered to be pioneering studies in the development of the field of nuclear medicine. 14. Decompression Sickness Studies using Radioactive Gases Human subjects breathed air tagged with radioactive nitrogen and argon gases. Nitrogen uptake was then monitored. These experiments took place during the 1980's at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 5 DRAFT 15. In-Vivo Calibration Studies Using Humans Administered Niobium-92m, Barium-133, and Strontium-85 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (and other DOE laboratories) Subjects in the United Kingdom were injected with radioactive barium or strontium, or inhaled radioactive niobium, and then were whole-body or chest- counted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and other DOE sites in the U.S. The purpose of these studies was to develop accurate calibration factors for in-vivo counting equipment and to intercalibrate the various U.S. and British in-vivo counting centers. Several studies took place during the period 1978-1989. H.E. Palmer at Pacific Northwest Laboratory and H. L. Anderson at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory were two of the principal scientists for the study. 16. Ozone Effects on Overall and Regional Lung Function Human subjects inhaled radioactive nitrogen or carbon dioxide to determine functional changes that might be caused by low concentrations of ozone from smog. The study was performed by the University of Washington under a contract from the Department of Energy (DOE) from 1977 to 1978. 17. Technetium-99 In-Vivo Counting Experiments Subjects were injected with technetium-99 microspheres and then placed in the whole-body counter at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to determine whether technetium-99 could be used to calibrate in-vivo counting equipment for direct measurements of plutonium-239 in workers accidentally exposed to plutonium. 18. Calibration Studies on Los Alamos Firemen Ingesting Radionuclides Firemen at the Los Alamos National Laboratory ingested small amounts of radioactive materials and participated in a study to calibrate the HUMCO II liquid scintillation counter and compare results with measurements made on earlier versions of whole-body counters. Zinc-65 (1 microcurie) was administered orally to humans and four animal species. The in-vivo time changes were observed using the liquid scintillation human-body counter (HUMCO I) and a sodium iodide gamma-ray spectrometer. The study was intended to examine the effects of fallout from atomic testing and activation products. 19. Retention and Excretion of Iodine-131 in Man A series of studies were performed to measure the biological retention half-times in man and their excretion from the body using ultra-high-sensitive liquid scintillation counters. Tracer amounts of radioisotopes were administered, and rates of retention and excretion were measured using the whole-body counting equipment. A summary from the May 16, 1994 Los Alamos press release notes a study in which 26 people ingested 8 microcuries of 6 DRAFT iodine-131. The intent of the study was to determine how long the body retained the iodine-131. The subjects were then placed in Los Alamos' whole-body radiation counter. Another report, LAMS-2455, Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Semiannual Report January Through June 1960, contains a report of the injection of 28 subjects with radioactive iodine-131. These persons were then placed in the whole-body counter. 20. Experiments to Study Coordination and Psychomotor Responses After Exposure to External Penetrating Radiation Experiments were performed on human subjects to determine coordination and psychomotor responses before and after external radiation in human subjects as part of a larger project called NEPA (Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft). The development of nuclear reactors was a joint Air Force/Atomic Energy Commission project. In 1949, the project's medical advisory committee recommended a wide range of human experimentation designed to determine how pilots would be affected by the radiation exposure they would experience while flying a nuclear-powered aircraft. Much of the proposed human experimentation was not carried out; however, there are some documents pertaining to limited studies on the effects of radiation on neurosensory function. This work was conducted at the M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, Texas, during the period 195~to 1952. (Memorandum from C. S. Shoup to Kenneth Kasschau, March 12, 1952). 21. Studies of 60-Hertz Exposure Effects on Human Function Studies on the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic field radiation were conducted on humans to determine effects on the cardiovascular system. Recording sensors were attached to the chest and arm to measure the electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and oxygen saturation. Subjects were assigned at random to either a sham exposure group or a magnetic field exposure group. The subjects were to sit in the exposure facility for a period of three hours. Exposures were to be intermittent (alternating 45 cycles), and the magnetic field strength was to be 200 milligaus. These experiments were to have been conducted by the Midwest Research Institute in conjunction with Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It has not been determined whether these experiments actually took place. Documentation from DOE/Oak Ridge Operations includes approvals from DOE and from the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), with assurance of compliance with DHHS regulations and documents. 22. Human Radiation Experiments at Vanderbilt University on the Metabolism of Radiostopes Human radiation experiments were conducted at Vanderbilt University under Contract AT-(40-1)-2402 with the Atomic Energy Commission. There are many supplements to this contract that individually specify the type of studies to be conducted. These studies ranged in scope from the performance of accurate measurements, quantification of isotopes and isotopic metabolism, the 7 DRAFT absorption of radioactive isotopes in adult and fetal tissues, the effects of iodine on the thyroid during therapy, and other studies. These studies occurred from 1958 to 1978. 23. Human Fetal Studies on Protein and Lipid Metabolism Using H-3 and C-14 Tritium (H-3) and carbon-14 tracer studies were conducted by the Los Alamos Health Division in collaboration with the Chicago Lying-In Hospital and Argonne Cancer Research Hospital. Subjects included five women undergoing therapeutic abortions at the Chicago Lying-In Hospital. These studies showed that cholesterol, fatty acids, and tissue proteins were synthesized in the human fetus and very small amounts transferred across the placental barrier. Orally administered cholesterol was labeled with tritium (H-3) (a dose of either 10 microcuries or 50 microcuries) and was found in the fetal part of the placenta. Carbon-14-labeled acetate was injected also (100 microcuries). The relative rates of cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-1-carbon-14 and from various other substrates in all fetal organs and certain maternal tissues were also determined. A summary of this work is described in the 1954 LA-1889 Annual Report, Biomedical Research Group Health Division; the 1957 Annual Reports of the Los Alamos Health Division; Annual Report, Biomedical Research Group, Health Division LA-1690 1953, and the H-Division Progress Report July 20 - August 20, 1954. Leroy, Davison, and Gould conducted the studies. Gould, Leroy, Okita, Kabvara, Keegan, and Bergenstal participated in this study. Gould and Leroy appear to have been the principal scientists for the study series. Another document, H-Division Progress Report, February 20 - March 20, 1955, noted that 34 subjects received carbon-14 labeled acetate as part of the same study. A collaborative study between LASL and the University of Chicago examined cholesterol metabolism in coronary patients. At least two subjects received an oral dose of tritium-labeled cholesterol. Two patients died (from their disease) and tissue samples were analyzed at LASL. The 1953 annual report notes that 10 subjects at Argonne and subjects and controls in Santa Fe also received tritium-labeled cholesterol. Another tracer study using tritium-labeled cholesterol (33.8 microcuries) and carbon-14-labeled cholesterol (4.24 microcuries) was part of this series. One male with chronic rheumatoid arthritis received an injection to determine the percentage of urinary steroids derived from cholesterol. (This work is reported in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, "Evaluation of Tritium Cholesterol as a Tracer in Man, Harold Werbin, Delbert Bergenstal, Gordon Gould, March 1957, volume 17, number 3). 24. Studies on Human Exposure to Neutron Radiation Human subjects irradiated with neutrons were evaluated by counting their activated sodium-24 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (summary in the 1957 Annual Report of the Los Alamos Health Division). 8 DRAFT 25.Studies on Injected Sodium-22, Potassium-42, Rubidium-86, Cesium-132, Cesium-134, and Cesium-137. The radioisotopes Na-22, K-42, Rb-86, Cs-134, and Cs-137 were administered to human subjects and measured over time in the human body-counter. The retention patterns for most were followed for about one year; in one man, the retention pattern of cesium was followed for about two years. This study may have been a collaboration with the Argonne Cancer Hospital in Chicago. A summary of this work is described in the 1957 Annual Report of the Los Alamos Health Division. See also the Group H-4 Semiannual Report, LAMS-2445 July 1959 - December 1959. (The number of subjects is not known from the summary). Another Los Alamos document, Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LAMS-2780, July 1961 through June 1962, describes an experiment where potassium-40 and cesium-137 were measured in 58 control subjects. Anderson is cited as the researcher. These subjects may not have been "dosed." Fifty control subjects are cited in Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LA-3132-MS, July 1963 - June 1964. The researcher for this study was Dean. A study was made at the Los Alamos National Laboratory of the whole-body retention of Cs-137 in 3 male subjects given 0.3 microcuries of Cs-137 (approximately 30 times the cesium-137 body burden due to fallout). This study is reported by the Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division, in the Annual Report LA-3432-MS, for July 1964 through June 1965. Other Los Alamos documents that may contain pertinent information are (Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Semiannual Report, LAMS-2627, January through June 1961; and Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LA-3132- MS, July 1963 - June 1964. The 1964 annual report notes 0.3 microcuries of cesium-137 administered orally to two subjects. Four subjects were used in tracer studies. Cesium-132 retention was measured in four human subjects who were injected intravenously at Los Alamos National Laboratory during 1962 to 1963. This experiment was conducted to determine the short-term retention component of cesium in the body. An account of this study is given in the annual report of the Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division (LAMS-3034), July 1962 through June 1963. 26. Determination of the Survival Time of Red Blood Cells by~Chromium-51 Labeling A study was conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory in about 1957 to determine the survival times of circulating blood erythrocytes (red blood cells) in healthy and diseased subjects. Thirty-two human (7 well and 25 ill) subjects received intravenous injection of samples of their own red blood cells that had been previously removed and tagged with radioactive Cr-51. After tagging, the red cells were injected back into the subject's body, and the person was counted in the human body-counter. Half-times for the survival 9 DRAFT of the chromium tag were determined. Large volumes of urine were also obtained from the subjects and counted to determine excretion rates. This study may have been a collaboration with the Argonne Cancer Hospital in Chicago. A summary of this work is described in the 1957 Annual Report of the Los Alamos Health Division. 27. Absorption of Iodine-131 and Uptake of Sodium-24 in Human Subjects One subject cutaneously absorbed 10 microcuries of sodium-24 (palm). Another subject received 51 microcuries of iodine-131 on the palm. The same isotopes were orally ingested (0.18 microcuries of sodium-24 or 0.14 microcuries of iodine-131). It is not clear from the summary whether the same two subjects were used for these experiments. These are described in document LAMS-2526, Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Semiannual Report July Through December 1960). 28. Retention of Iodine-131 in Subjects with Inflammatory Liver Disease Ten normal subjects and 18 persons suffering from various (but mostly inflammatory) hepatic disease were injected intravenously with 10 microcuries of 1-131-labeled rose bengal. The time-activity curves for 1-131 were determined using the arm counter at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The blood retention curve was found to be a better measurement of function than the clearance rate itself by rose bengal dye excretion techniques. This study is reported by the Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division, Semiannual Report LAMS-2455, January through June, 1960. 29. The Fate of Radon Ingested by Man Two male subjects, on two occasions received an oral dosage of about one millicurie of radon dissolved in 100 ml of water. The study occurred in Rochester, New York. Information located in "The Fate of Radon Ingested by man", Health Physics, Vol 11, 1965, pp. 465-476. 30. Preliminary Human Experiment on Inhaled Zirconium-89 Preliminary inhalation studies using an active smoke containing the 81-hour Zr-89 were completed in 1945 (Progress Report for the Month of October 1945, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Dr. Joseph G. Hamilton Records). The Atomic Energy Commission funded the study (contract W-7405-eng-48A) for the University of California. The work occurred at the Divisions of Radiology and Medicine, University of California Medical School, San francisco, and the Division of Medical Physics and Crocker Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. Only one human subject was used ("one of us"). The purpose of the experiment was to determine the degree of retention by the lungs of very finely divided active smoke suspended in air. The results showed that almost 100 percent of the inhaled activity (total activity inhaled - 2,430 counts per second, or about 0.5 microcuries) was retained within the lungs and upper respiratory tract. Only 32 percent of the total activity was excreted. The 10 DRAFT report notes that future studies using the short-lived zirconium isotope in humans were planned for the near future. 31. Radium as an Experimental Therapy for Treating Mental Disorders Patients of a state mental hospital were injected with radium as an experimental therapy for mental disorders. The experiment appears to have been conducted in Elgin, Illinois, at the Elgin State Hospital between 1931 and 1933. Document indicate that 70 to 450 micrograms of radium-226 were injected. This experiment occurred prior to the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission or Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne National Laboratory later collected records and attempted to locate the subjects. Researchers believed that if the patients could be located and body content measurements made in the 1950s, a valid retention curve for radium in humans over several decades could be constructed. Argonne National Laboratory made all later measurements. This information was useful for radiation protection guidelines for alpha particle emitters. The records contain information regarding radium content of the located subjects, medical information relating to the subjects' admission to the hospital, periodic medical examination results and causes of death and death certificates for deceased subjects. (Records from the Series Elgin State Hospital Records, Center for Human Radiobiology). 32. Distribution of Zinc in Normal Blood and Organs Using Zinc-65 Researchers in Boston administered radioactive zinc-65 to a 67 year-old person suffering from myelogenous leukemia, and to a healthy control subject. The intent was to determine white cell zinc-65 content and the distribution of zinc in normal blood and organs. Analysis occurred over a long period of time to track zinc-65 retention. Principal scientists included John G. Gibson, 2nd, Bert L. Vallee, Rex G. Fluharty, and J. Eugene Nelson. The experiment occurred in September 1947, and experimental information was presented at the fourth International Cancer Research Congress. Injections ranged from two mg per day to "far in excess of this amount." This study may or may not have been funded by Department of Energy predecessors agencies. A summary contained in the May 16, 1994, news release suggests that Los Alamos has documentation on this experiment, and may have conducted the experiment. (Refer to LAMS-2526, Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Semiannual Report July Through December 1960). According to this summary, two people swallowed zinc-65 chloride as part of a study of the long-term retention of the compound. The studies were conducted by C..R. Richmond, J.E. Furchner, and W.H. Langham for a period of one to two years. Two subjects (not known if the same two) were used to study the effects of differing levels of zinc in the diet on the absorption of orally administered zinc-65. J.E. Furchner, C.R. Richmond, and F.A. Trafton conducted this study. See also Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report. LAMS-2780, July 1961 through June 1962; and Group H-4 Semiannual Report, LAMS-2445 July 1959 - December 1959. This citation notes an oral dose of 0.76 microcuries of zinc-65 to two subjects - third and fourth in the experiment series by Furchner. 11 DRAFT Another Los Alamos citation (Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Semiannual Report, LAMS-2627, January through June 1961) notes iodine-131 studies by Furchner involving 17 subjects. The summary provided also notes that zinc-65 was given to a terminal leukemia patient, a 15-year old girl. 33. Clinical Testing of a Line-Scanning Proportional Counter Camera Using Injected Iodine-125 and Technetium-99m Diagnostic dosages of 1-125 and Tc-99m were administered to selected patients referred to the Oak Ridge Hospital for thyroid evaluation. The quality of the images obtained with the two radioisotopes with the camera were evaluated and compared. Although these subjects were evaluated for pre-existing disease, certain aspects of this study were experimental, and the objective was development of instrumentation and techniques for evaluating human thyroids. An estimated 100 subjects were studied (medical chart review still pending). This study occurred from August 27, 1975 to September 29, 1977. The protocol was approved by Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU)/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Institutional Review Board (IRB). 34. Radium Injection Experiment About 440 micrograms (440 microcuries) of radium-226 were injected into the body of a human subject. The date and location of this experiment are unknown, but it is likely that the experiment took place in Berkeley or San Francisco prior to 1945. As much as 11.4 micrograms Ra-226 were retained in the subject's body at time of death, many years after injection. The record is found in the Joseph G. Hamilton Record Collection, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Another record located in the same collection is a partial memorandum from someone in the Army Service Forces, U.S. Engineer Office, Oak Ridge, to the file regarding tolerance values for radium and plutonium. 35. Metabolism of Calcium-and Radiostrontium in Infants Experiments on calcium and radiostrontium metabolism were conducted by Jean and Justine Burg for 2-1/2 years (1960 to 1962) at Crocker Laboratory, Berkeley, California. The experiment appears to have examined calcium metabolism in three infants, with strontium as a tracer. Diapers were obtained and calcium was counted through excretion; retention was also recorded. Calcium intake was also recorded (from milk and other foods). 36. Californium-252 Cancer Radiotherapy Program Californium-252 was implanted into tumors of 18 terminal, volunteer patients, whose clinical condition precluded curative intent. It was hoped that these experiments would show feasibility of Cf-252 implants in cancer therapy. These experiments occurred about 1971, possibly at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, the University of Cincinnati, or Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Agreements were reached with Christie Hospital and United Oxford Hospitals, 12 DRAFT both in Great Britain, for the Cf-252 loan program, for use in cancer radiotherapy. 37. Astatine-211 and Iodine-131 Injections Eight human subjects were injected with the 7-hour half-life alpha-emitter At-211. Three of the same subjects also received injections of 1-131 to compare iodine with astatine (both are halogens). It appears that researchers intended to study the uptake of orally administered astatine-211 by the thyroid in patients with various thyroid disorders. These experiments were conducted at the University of California Hospital during early 1954. The principal researcher seems to have been Dr. Joseph Hamilton. Others mentioned are: Dr. Rusted, Dr. Bell, Dr. David E. Brown, Dr. William A. Reilly (Director), Dr. Searls, Dr. Edmiston, and Dr. McCorkle. Pathologists also participated: N. Malamud; Wilfred E. Toreson, Stuart Lindsay, Warren Bostick, A. Johnson, J. Visalli, and M. J. Aguilar (University of California Hospital); George Watson (Hahnemann Hospital). 38. Total-Body Neutron Activation Analysis Approximately 40 to 50 females with known bone-wasting disease and 25 chronically ill adults suffering from kidney failure received a uniform low flux high energy neutron exposure. The Atomic Energy Commission funded this study, which occurred from 1969 to 1973, possibly at University Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle. 39. Study of Chromium-51-labeled Blood in Normal Volunteer Subjects Chromium-51 was used to tag red blood cells, which were then injected in normal volunteers in quantities equal to those used clinically in blood volume determinations. The estimated number of volunteers was about 50. These studies led to the use of adenine as a blood preservative. These studies may have involved foreign human subjects in Bangkok, Thailand. The University of Washington, Seattle, may have conducted the study. 40. Iron-55 and Iron-59 Injection Studies in Normal and Anemic Subjects Los Alamos has documentation (Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LAMS-2780, July 1961 through June 1962) regarding the oral administration of 0.275 microcuries of iron-59 to 20 men and 30 women. Dr. Clarence Lushbaugh is cited as the researcher. Another document, Group H-4 Semiannual Report, LAMS-2445 July 1959 - December 1959, indicates that 0.5 to 0.7 microcuries of iron-59 were given orally to 66 persons, including one 7-month pregnant woman. These people were then studied by periodic measurements in the whole body-counter at LANL. The intent was to determine the percent retention of the administered dose. Lushbaugh and Hale are cited as researchers. The Richel and Collection, Bate numbers 8759 to 8760 indicate that iron-55 and iron-59 were injected into about 20 normal and about 6O to 80 diseased 13 DRAFT (anemic) subjects. Approximately 5 to 10 microcuries were injected. The Atomic Energy Commission sponsored studies led to a physiologic classification of red cell production. 41. Ingestion of Iodine-131 in Milk by Hanford Employees Eight GE/Hanford workers ingested iodine-131 in milk in order to determine the uptake of iodine-131 in the thyroid. The milk was drawn from a cow that had been fed five microcuries of iodine-131. This experiment occurred in Richland Washington. 42. Effects of X-Rays on Mitosis of Human Skin An experiment was conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory on the effects of X-rays on the mitotic activity of human skin. Principal scientists included Norman Knowian and Louis Hempelmann. (from H-Division Progress Report, LAMS-790, August 20 - September 20, 1948. 43. Metabolism of Carbon-14-Iabeled Chelating Agent Some human subjects received the chelating agent CaEDTA intramuscularly, orally, and cutaneously for a metabolic study. (The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, "The Metabolism of C-14 Labeled Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic Acid in Human Beings", Harry Foreman, Theodore T. Trujillo, April, 1954, volume 43). Document found at Los Alamos. These metabolic studies are cited in another Los Alamos document, the 1953 annual report. 44. Strontium-85 (Los Alamos Records) Los Alamos annual report (Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LAMS~2780, July 1961 through June 1962) cites an oral dose of 1.07 microcuries of strontium-85 given to three males. furchner is cited as the researcher. This same report also cites cutaneous absorption of 70 microcuries of strontium-85 in 2 subjects. Van Dilla is cited as the researcher. 45. Iodine-131 Studies (Los Alamos) Two studies by Lushbaugh are mentioned. One involves the administration of 0.5 microcuries of iodine-131 to two women, one adult, and one infant. The other is the injection of 0.7 microcuries of iodine-131 in eight subjects. The Biological and Medical Research Group (H-4) of the Health Division - Annual Report, LA-3132-MS, July 1963 - June 1964 contains an abstract of an article in Science about radioiodine metabolism in children and adults (Van Dilla is the author). Another article written by Van Dilla (Health Physics vol 9, 1963, pp 1325 - 1331) cites a thyroid metabolism study in children and adults using nanocurie doses of iodine-125 and iodine-131. Another document, Group H-4 Semiannual Report, LAMS-2445 July 1959 - December 1959, cites a study where patients received iodine-131 orally to study thyroid uptake, 14 DRAFT retention, and function (counting occurred in the whole body-counter). This study was also a Lushbaugh study. 46. RaLa Experiments The 1953 annual report (Los Alamos) mentions an absorption study of barium-140/lanthanum-140 (RaLa) in humans. Foreman is cited as the researcher. 47. Thyroidal Deposition of Iodine-131 in Man, Rat, and Dog, From Milk and Nonmilk Sources This study was located by Idaho in a Health Physics article, vol 9, 1963, pp 1249 - 1252 (Idaho was not involved). The study involved the ingestion of iodine-131 in water solution and cow's milk in 11 adult humans. Rats and dogs were studied also. The experiment was conducted by New York State Veterinary College and Cornell University, under contract with the Atomic Energy Commission. Principal researchers may have been C.I. Comar, R.A. Wentworth, and J.R. Georgi. 48. Sunshine Studies: Strontium-90 and Calcium-45 Injections in Terminal Cancer Patients One part of Project Sunshine under Atomic Energy Commission Contract A-930-1-1656 involved the evaluation of strontium metabolism in relation to calcium in humans. Arthur R. Schulert was the principal scientist for this portion. Dr. Daniel Laslo and associates from the Division of Neoplastic Diseases, Montefiore Hospital, New York, assisted with the study. Researchers administered strontium-85 and calcium-45 simultaneously and intravenously to terminal cancer patients. The report does not state the amounts injected. Observation occurred from three days to three months. From the data presented, it appears that ten patients received injections. A large variety of body tissues were analyzed for each isotope for each patient after autopsy. Doses ranged from 10.1 to 108.5 microcuries for strontium-85 and from 15.2 to 88 microcuries for calcium-45. The Hamilton Collection The Department of Energy has identified descriptions of various radiation experiments in the Joseph Hamilton Collection. These documents are currently being redacted. As soon as the Privacy Act redaction process has been completed, these documents will be released to public reading rooms. 15 DOE FACTS HISTORICAL MAPPING A central aspect of the Department's review of human radiation experimentation focuses upon the historical context in which these events occurred. We are identifying and describing the functions and records of various DOE and predecessor agency organizations, including the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), that may. have played a role in experimental activities. We are also looking for specific documentary evidence of relevant policies and procedures. SPECIFICALLY: We have prepared series descriptions of a number of significant records files (see the DOE Products to Facilitate Study of Radiation Experiments Fact Sheet for examples of the actual descriptions). These files include: l. AEC Division of Biology and Medicine 2. AEC Office of the Secretary 3. AEC Research and Development Division, Oak Ridge . 4. AEC Research and Medicine Division, Oak Ridge 5. AEC Research Division, Oak Ridge 6. MED Central Files . Our reviews focus on preparing descriptive guides (see Project Products Fact Sheet) and copying especially important contextual documents. . Sample contextual document 1: August 6, 1947 letter from David E. Lilienthal to Dr. G.W. Beadle discussing formation of Advisory Committee for Biology and Medicine. This document outlines the purpose and function of the committee, including the areas of research for both defense and non-defense applications. (more) U.S. Department of. Energy Public Affairs Office Contact: Mary Ann Freeman (202) 586-5806 Page 2 . Sample contextual document 2: August 4, 1958 report to the AEC General Manager from the Director, Division of Biology and Medicine. The report details a five-year plan for expansion of AEC research in biology and medicine. . Sample contextual document 3: April 30, 1947 letter from Carroll L. Wilson to Dr. S. L. Warren discussing medical research and informed consent. This document contains the Atomic Energy Commission's understanding that consent would be obtained from subjects of human radiation experimentation. BACKGROUND: . DOE, as part of the openness initiative in general and the human experimentation review in particular, has been reviewing its historical documentation for the past several months. . Much information has been located, although much more work remains; some gaps in our knowledge and in the records. We are aiming to identify the bulk of relevant information within the next 6 months. . We believe our success in achieving openness be measured in terms of our success in finding pertinent records and making them as widely available as the law permits. . The DOE strategy for telling the story of human radiation experiments and inventorying source records will address the needs of all customers. . This is a major shift in priorities within the Department, but it also represents the kind of change the public is expecting from us. BENEFITS: . Evaluation of human radiation experiments can be conducted with detailed knowledge of organizational policies, procedures, as well as with knowledge of how these organizations reflected national goals and concerns. . Historians and other researchers will have unprecedented access to the documentary history of the U.S. nuclear program. (more) Page 3 . Facts relating to specific experiments as well as the institutional context in which they occurred will be made available to the public (personal privacy information will be protected). . Through its identification and release of historical context information, this effort will promote openness and responsiveness within DOE. WHO ARE THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS?: . The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. This work will provide the Committee with information they need to carry out their mandate from the President. . Subjects of Human Radiation Experimentation and their families. Institutional mapping will provide critical facts about the experiments and why they took place. . Government Officials. This effort will aid determinations about whether human radiation experimentation was conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and guidelines. . Historians and Other Researchers. This effort will enhance the ability of researchers to analyze scientific, medical, historical, and administrative aspects of human radiation experimentation and related topics. QUESTION AND ANSWER Q. When will all the pertinent records be found and presented to the public? A. Our goal is to identify and make available the majority of such records within the next six months. Because of the vast quantity of records involved, relevant information likely will continue to be found for an indefinite period. DOE FACTS DOE PRODUCTS TO FACILITATE STUDY OF RADIATION EXPERIMENTS DOE will produce three products to aid research into human radiation experiments: (1) a written history and associated guide to critical records collections; (2) a central collection of selected documents; and (3) a list of human radiation experiments. SPECIFICALLY: HISTORY AND RECORDS SERIES GUIDE . This product will have historical narratives describing the organizational context of the experiments. These narratives will tell the story of human experimentation within DOE and its predecessor agencies. (See the Institutional Mapping Fact Sheet for further information.) . The guide will also have written descriptions of records series or collections that are of particular value for researching human radiation experimentation. . For each records series, information is included about volume, dates, location, content, and applicable access restrictions, such as personal privacy or national security classification (see attached examples). . This guide will be publicly available and will serve as a "road map" to the vast quantity of extant DOE records and will permit focused efforts to locate, declassify, and access specific information. (more) U.S. Department of Energy Public Affairs Office Contact: Mary Ann Freeman (202) 586-5806 Page 2 CENTRAL COLLECTION OF SELECTED DOCUMENTS . As we compile data for the records series guide, we are locating, reproducing, and making available selected source documents on human radiation experimentation. These documents include letters, memoranda, meeting minutes, reports, journal articles, lectures, and speeches. . About 11,000 documents have been gathered to date; these documents were selected because they are judged to have information of special value. . The documents are placed on optical disks and are available to the public through the Coordination and Information Center (CIC) in Las Vegas, Nevada. . The CIC was originally established to provide information to the public about radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests. CIC services include a public reading room) computerized indexes, and staff assistance. THE LIST OF HUMAN RADIATION EXPERIMENTS: . DOE is compiling a list of human radiation experiments into a publicly available electronic database. . The database will include name of the experiment, a short description, its date and location, and sources of information (such as journal articles and identified records). BACKGROUND: . DOE's role in human radiation experiments during the dates to the 1940's. To gather.comprehensive information, it is necessary to search the records of DOE as well as records of predecessor agencies, including the Manhattan Engineer District, Atomic Energy Commission, and Energy Research and Development Administration. . About 3 million cubic feet of DOE and predecessor agency records are stored in Departmental facilities; about 182,121 cubic feet are in federal records centers; and about 8,300 cubic feet of permanent archival records of the Atomic Energy Commission and of the Manhattan Engineer District are maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration. (more) Page 3 . These records are scattered among dozens of facilities across the nation, are often poorly-described and indexed, and generally resist easy access and use. . DOE is using standard archival, records management, and historical techniques to improve access to human experimentation information in these records. BENEFITS: . These products will give the public access to a broad range of information about human radiation experiments and related documentary evidence. . The information will be helpful in determining the nature and extent of human radiation experimentation and the context in which they occurred. . The information will facilitate an objective scientific and historical evaluation of human radiation experiments. WHO ARE THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS?: . Subjects of Human Radiation Experimentation and their families. The products will provide critical facts about experiments. . The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. This work will provide the Committee with information they need to carry out their mandate from the President. . Government Officials and Advisory Committee Members. The products will aid determinations about whether human radiation experimentation was-conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and guidelines. . Historians and Other Researchers. The products will enhance the ability of researchers to analyze scientific, medical, historical, and administrative aspects of human radiation experimentation and related topics. . The Public. As a result of this process, information will be made widely available to the public about activities of DOE and its predecessor organizations relating to human radiation experimentation. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. How many records pertinent to human radiation experimentation does the Department possess? A. It is impossible to know this with precision now because of the large volume and decentralized nature of DOE records. We are working to improve our intellectual control over these records, and we anticipate learning much more about the documentary evidence over the next 6 months. Q. Where are records on human radiation experimentation located? A. They are located at Headquarters and at field facilities such as those in Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Richland, Washington; and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Records are also located in National Archives and Records Administration facilities across the nation. O. Why is so much effort necessary to find the records? A. These records were created for purposes other than researching human experimentation. They also have been maintained in different ways at many different places over the last SO years. But while the job is difficult, we are working toward developing a records management infrastructure that will provide benefits to DOE, historians, and other researchers for many years to come. Q. Will the Department search for records in non-Federal institutions, such as universities and former contractors? A. Where appropriate, the Department will seek permission to examine records in non-Federal custody. Q. Will DOE be able to find all the records relating to human experimentation? A. We will do our best to find and make available pertinent records. But because of the volume and many locations of the records, relevant materials probably will continue to be found for some time to come. Some-records also may have been lost or routinely disposed of in the-past.