The Elliott School of International Affairs: Scholarship

Scholarship

Elliott School faculty papers are featured in the March/April 2008 issue of The National Interest.
Prof. Amitai Etzioni says it is very important for the global community to adopt English as its second global language in the May 2008 issue of International Studies Perspectives (requires login).
Prof. Kirk Larsen's new book explores the relations between China and Korea at the turn of the 20th century.
Prof. Marie Price contributed to a new book, Twenty-First- Century Gateways Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America, a comparative analysis of immigrant trends in America.
Prof. David Shambaugh's new book examines the Chinese Communist Party's efforts to reinvent itself.
Prof. Susan Aaronson suggests that President Bush’s trip to China raises important questions about U.S. trade policy and human rights in World Policy Journal.
In the Journal of Conflict Studies , Amb. David Shinn calls for a long-term strategy to address the root causes of terrorism in East Africa, rather than the current focus on “short-term tactical victories.”
Paul Williams writes about “Security Studies, 9/11 and the Long War” in Security and the War on Terror.
Nathan Brown and his co-authors say the Iraq war changed the face of the Middle East and outline potential U.S. policies for dealing with the new challenges it presents in an article for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace .
Kristin Lord argues that businesses play an important role in “Building an Arab Knowledge Society” on The Brookings Institution’s website.
Amb. Gnehm discusses the Iraq war’s effects on neighboring Jordan in The American Interest.
Nathan Brown examines the Israeli-Palestinian impasse and provides a path forward in the Carnegie Endowment’s Policy Outlook”.
Liesl Riddle, Jennifer Brinkerhoff, and Tjai Nielsen published “Partnering to Beckon them Home: Public Sector Innovation for Diaspora Homeland Investment” in Public Administration and Development.
Jennifer Brinkerhoff published “Diaspora Identity and the Potential for Violence: Toward an Identity- Mobilization Framework” in Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research.
Nathan Brown co-wrote “The Draft Party Platform of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: Foray Into Political Integration or Retreat Into Old Positions?”
Paul Williams published “Thinking about Security in Africa” in International Affairs.
Jerrold Post published The Mind of the Terrorist: The Psychology of Terrorism from the IRA to al-Qaeda.
Sharon Wolchik co-wrote Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy.
Hugh Agnew’s chapter “The Flyspecks of Palivec’s Portrait” appeared in The Limits of Loyalty, edited by Laurence Cole and Daniel L. Unowsky.
John Woodward’s chapter “The Law and the Use of Biometrics” appeared in Handbook of Biometrics, edited by A. Jain et al. (Springer, 2007).
James Rosenau published People Count! The Networked Individual in World Politics (Paradigm, 2007).
Thomas McNamara’s chapter “Unilateral and Multilateral Strategies Against State Sponsors” appeared in Uniting Against Terror: Cooperative Nonmilitary Responses to the Global Terrorist Threat (MIT, 2007).
Gregg Brazinsky published Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy (UNC Press, 2007).
Susan Aaronson published Trade Imbalance: The Struggle to Weigh Human Rights Concerns in Trade Policymaking (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
James Millar published “Reading Putin in Russian and Soviet Literature” in the Sept./Oct. 2007 issue of Problems of Post-Communism
Paul Williams published “Redesigning UK Foreign Policy” in Progressive Foreign Policy, eds., Held and Mepham (Polity, 2007).
Donald Goodson (B.A. ’05) received a Fulbright scholarship to conduct research at the University of Witswatersrand (Johannesburg).
CQ Press published a second edition of Steven Balla’s book Bureaucracy and Democracy: Accountability and Performance.
Michael Coffey (M.A. ’07) published “Playing the Field: Alleviating US Energy Dependency on the Persian Gulf with Alternative Partners” in the summer/fall 2007 issue of The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations.
Nathan Brown co-wrote “Arab Spring Fever” in National Interest on August 29.
Harvey Feigenbaum published “Hegemony or diversity in film and television? The US, Europe and Japan” in the Sept. 2007 issue of Pacific Review.
Mike Mochizuki published “Japan’s Shifting Strategy toward the Rise of China” in the August 2007 issue of the Journal of Strategic Studies.
Amb. Shinn published “An Opportunistic Ally: China’s Increasing Involvement in Africa” in the summer 2007 issue of Harvard International Review.
Kristin Lord published “U.S. Public Diplomacy: Can Science Help?” in the July/August 2007 issue of Foreign Service Journal.
Peter Klaren published “Time of Fear (1980-2000): Modern Violence in the Long Sweep of Peruvian History” in Historizar el pasado vivo/Historicizing the Living Past in Latin America.
Paul Williams published “The African Union’s Emerging Security Culture: Options for U.S. Policymakers” in Africa Policy Forum on July 13.
Mike Mochizuki published “Japan Tests the Nuclear Taboo” in the July 2007 issue of The Nonproliferation Review.
Amb. Shinn presented his paper China’s Role in Africa to Ethiopia’s Chamber of Commerce. The talk was mentioned in the Sub-Saharan Informer on June 29 and on allAfrica.com on June 30.
Emmanuel Teitelbaum published In the Grip of a Green Giant: How the Rural Sector Tamed Organized Labor in India in the June 2007 issue of Comparative Political Studies.
Marc Lynch was interviewed for “Six Questions for Marc Lynch on Iraq, the ‘Surge,’ and Al Qaeda” by Harper’s Magazine on May 17.
Amb. Shinn published “Africa, China, the United States, and Oil” in Africa Policy Forum on May 8.
Deepa Ollapally co-authored a paper on “Regional Security Implications of Iranian Nuclear Weapons” as part of a May 2007 report from the National Bureau of Asian Research.
Amb. Shinn published “US Support for Democratization in Ethiopia: Diplomatic and Development Tracks” in The Journal of Oromo Studies’ February/March 2007 issue.
Amitai Etzioni published published Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy (Yale UP, 2007).
Steven Livingston published When the Press Fails: Political Power and the News Media from Iraq to Katrina (Co-authored with W. Lance Bennett and Regina G. Lawrence, University of Chicago Press, 2007).
Paul Williams published “From Non–Intervention to Non–Indifference: The origins and development of the African Union’s security culture” in the April 2007 issue of African Affairs.
Mike Mochizuki published Japan in International Politics: The Foreign Policies of an Adaptive State (Co-edited with Thomas U. Berger and Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2007).
Kristin Lord and Caroline Donovan White published “Creating Sustainable Dual Degree Programs” in the Spring 2007 issue of IIE Networker.
Hossein Askari published “The Persian Gulf Catastrophe: No Exit?” in Foreign Policy Forum on April 17.
Paul D. Williams’ chapter “State Failure in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Responses” appeared in Africa South of the Sahara 2007 (Routeldge).
Harry Harding co-authored U.S.–China Relations with his colleagues on The Council on Foreign Relations’ Independent Task Force in April 2007.
James Lebovic published Deterring International Terrorism and Rogue States: U.S. National Security Policy After 9/11 (Routledge, 2007).
Walter Reich published State of the Struggle: Report on the Battle against Global Terrorism, co-authored with: Hamilton, Hoffman, Jenkins, Pillar, Raufer, and Reinares. (The Council on Global Terrorism and Brookings Institution Press, 2007).
David Shambaugh and Amb. Inderfurth published “China and the US: To Hedge or Engage” in Yale Global on April 11.
David Shinn delivered a paper on the panel “The Scarcity of Oil Resources” at The Forum for American/Chinese Exchange at Stanford’s (FACES) conference, “On Common Ground” on April 10.
Hossein Askari’s “Iran’s Economic Woes: Self-Inflicted, Not Sanction Driven” appeared in Foreign Policy Forum on April 4.
Leon Fuerth delivered his paper, “Congress and the Climate Crisis: A Case for Forward Engagement,” at a Capitol Hill conference sponsored by NYU’s Wagner school on March 30.
Harry Harding published “Think Again: China” in the March/April 2007 issue of Foreign Policy.
Henry Hale’s chapter “Correlates of Clientelism: Political Economy, Politicized Ethnicity, and Postcommunist Transition” appeared in Kitschelt’s and Steven Wilkinson’s, eds., Patrons, Clients, and Policies. (Cambridge UP, 2007).
Deborah Avant’s chapter “Political Institutions and Military Effectiveness: Contemporary United States and United Kingdom” appeared in Brooks’ and Stanley’s, Creating Military Power, (Stanford UP, 2007).
Roy Richard Grinker published Unstrange Minds: Remapping the World of AUTISM (Basic Books, 2007).
Joseph Pelzman presented the paper “US-Regional Agreements with Latin America” (co-written with Amir Shoham) at the Western Hemispheric Integration in a Competitive Global Environment conference in Monterrey, N.L. Mexico, on March 23.
Hossein Askari published “The Next Iranian Elections” in the National Interest on March 21.
Deborah Avant’s chapter “Selling Security: Trade–Offs in State Regulation of the Private Security Industry” was published in Jäger’s and Kümmel’s eds., Private Military and Security Companies (VS Verlag, 2007).
Amitai Etzioni’s “Security First: Ours, Theirs and the Global Order’s” appeared in the National Interest on March 1.
Hossein Askari published “Iran and the United States: How Likely Is Reconciliation?” in Foreign Policy Forum on March 15.
Kristin Lord’s article “Science and Society: Time for a New Era of Science Diplomacy,” co-written with Vaughan Turekian, appeared in Science Magazine on February 9.
Paul D. Williams published “Contemporary Peace Operations: Four Challenges for the Brahimi Paradigm” in International Peacekeeping: The Yearbook of International Peace Operations (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007).
Emmanuel Teitelbaum published “Was the Indian labor movement ever co-opted? Evaluating standard accounts” in Critical Asian Studies, 2006.
Kirk Larsen’s “Part of the problem or the solution? The ROK, the United States, and the 6-Party Talks” was published in Six-Party Stall: Are South Korea and China Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?
Hossein Askari published “The Iranian Paradox: Economic Failure, Regional Resurgence and Opportunity for Dialogue” in Foreign Policy Forum, January 21, 2007.
Kirk Larsen’s “Part of the problem or the solution? The ROK, the United States, and the 6-Party Talks” was published in Six-Party Stall: Are South Korea and China Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution?
James Millar’s chapter “Putin and the Economy,” was published in Putin’s Russia, ed. Dale R. Herspring, 3rd edition, (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2006).
David Shambaugh published China Watching: Perspectives from Europe, Japan, and the United States; co-editors Robert Ash and Seiichiro Takagi (Routledge Contemporary China Series, 2006).
Hossein Askari’s article “Boomerang Sanctions on Iran” appeared in the National Interest online on December 27.
Elizabeth Chacko has been selected the 2006 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching District of Columbia Professor of the Year by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE).
Holger Schmidt, has been awarded a grant by the Sweden-based Folke Bernadotte Academy for the research project, “UNIEvents: A New Dataset on UN Conflict Management Efforts in International Conflicts.”
James R. Millar, Emeritus Professor, was awarded the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies’ Distinguished Contributions to Slavic Studies Award at their annual convention on November 19, 2006.
Stephen C. Smith gave a presentation at the International Forum on the Eradication of Poverty, at the UN in New York, on “Overcoming Poverty Traps.” The Nov 15-16 Forum marked the end of the first United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty (1996-2006).
The Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies and its GW Cold War Group (GWCW) won a $50,000 two-year grant from the Andrew Mellon Foundation to fund the Summer Institute on Conducting Archival Research.
Kristin M. Lord has published The Perils and Promise of Global Transparency: Why the Information Revolution May Not Lead to Security, Democracy, or Peace, (Suny Press, NY 2006).
Michael Moore’s paper US Facts–Available Antidumping Decisions: An Empirical Analysis was published in a special issue of the European Journal of Political Economy, vol 2, no. 3, September 2006.
Sharon L. Wolchik and Valerie J. Bunce published “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions” in the upcoming October issue of Journal of Democracy.
Amitai Etzioni’s article The Global Importance of Illiberal Moderates was published this September in the Cambridge Journal of International Affairs.
Deborah Avant published “The Implications of Marketized Security for IR theory: the Democratic Peace, Late State Building and the Nature and Frequency of Conflict” in Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September 2006).
Henry Hale published “Democracy or Autocracy on the March? The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism” and “Bashkortostan’s Democratic Moment? Patronal Presidentialism, Regional Regime Change, and Identity in Russia”.
Walter Reich is one of the eight members of the newly–established Council on Global Terrorism, which has issued its “Preliminary Report: State of the Struggle Against Global Terrorism” and its "Report Card: Threats and Initiatives Assessment"; these findings and conclusions were cited in the New York Times and elsewhere.
Murhaf Jouejati’s article “Lebanon: Between Israel’s Rock and Syria’s Hard Place” was published by the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Middle East Program on its Web site and in hard copy.
James Goldgeier and Ivo Daalder co–authored “Global Nato” in the September–October issue of Foreign Affairs, which states that NATO must extend its membership to any democratic state that can address current global challenges.
Henry Nau has published “Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas” (Congressional Quarterly Press, 2006).
Mike Mochizuki published “Paradigms Lost: Japan’s Nationalist Drift” in The American Interest, and “How America Views [the Yasukuni Shrine]”, in Ronza, (Sept 2006, in Japanese).
Walter Reich has been reappointed as a Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars for the period September 1, 2006 though August 31, 2008.
Henry E. Hale has published “Regime Cycles: Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in Post-Soviet Eurasia” in the most recent issue of World Politics.
Elliot Posner, published “Sources of Institutional Change: The Supranational Origins of Europe’s New Stock Markets” in the forthcoming issue of World Politics.
George Moose has received a fellowship at the Institute of Politics at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, where he will assess how well the United Nations is doing to serve Africa’s interests and needs.
Leon Fuerth has joined the steering committee for Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study (MIDAS) network. This is a network of researchers dedicated to the development and validation of computer models that can provide insights into how infectious agents can spread through populations.
Martha Finnemore was awarded the 2006 Oscar and Shoshana Trachtenberg Research Prize. Professor Finnemore will be recognized at the University Commencement on Sunday, May 21.
David Alan Grier’s “When Computers Were Human” won the 2006 Independent Publisher Book Awards (IPPY Awards), Computer⁄Internet Category, Independent Publisher.
Gordon Adams and Elliott School alum Guy Ben-Ari have published “Transforming European Militaries: Coalition Operations and the Technology Gap.” The book offers a unique look at European capabilities for Network–Based Operations (NBO) and their implications for transatlantic co-operation in future operations.
Gordon Adams, Bruce Dickson and Cynthia McClintock, have each received a fellowship for the 2006-2007 academic year with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
Kirk W. Larsen was awarded the 2006 Bender Teaching Award, which honors GW educators for their work towards the development of faculty activities in addition to their role as outstanding educators.
Walter Reich was named a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association at their annual meeting in Toronto on May 23rd.
Leo Ribuffo has been selected by the Organization of American Historians (OAH) to receive an OAH-JAAS short term residency at Sophia University in Tokyo on Twentieth-Century U.S. History.
Gregg Brazinsky, Marco Cipriani, Shahe Emran and Emmanuel Teitelbaum were named Policy Research Scholars of the GW Institute of Public Policy for the 2006-2007 academic year.
Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff published “Digital Diasporas and Conflict Prevention: The Case of Somalinet.com,” in the Review of International Studies, v. 32 (January 2006), pp. 25-47. Brinkerhoff and Derick Brinkerhoff, affiliate faculty, SPPPA, published “Preparing People for International Public Service in a Changed World: The Continued Relevance of the MPA” in PA Times (American Society of Public Administration), March 2006.
Jonathan Chaves published a monograph with study and complete translations of the 40 inscriptions on a newly discovered Chinese Coromandel lacquer screen of the 17th century entitled, “The Grass is Deep - Good for Hiding Deer; The Pine- needles Seem to be Turning to Dragons” (Marseille, France: Cédric Curien Art Asiatique, 2006).
Amitai Etzioni recently published “Religion and the State: Why Moderate Religious Teachings Should be Promoted,” in Harvard International Review, Spring 2006; "Leveraging Islam," in The National Interest, n. 83; Public Intellectuals: An Endangered Species?, edited by Etzioni and Alyssa Bowditch (Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2006); and "Leaving Race Behind: Our Growing Hispanic Population Creates a Golden Opportunity," The American Scholar, Spring 2006.
Fernando Robles co-authored with Syed Akhter the article, “Leveraging Internal Competency and Managing Environmental Uncertainty: Propensity to Collaborate in International Markets” in the International Marketing Review, v. 23, n.1.
Dean Kostantaras has published “Infamy and Revolt: The Rise of the National Problem in Early Modern Greek Thought” (Columbia University Press, 2006).
Leon Fuerth’s chapter “Energy, Homeland, and National Security” has been published in Energy and Security: toward a New Foreign Policy Strategy edited by Jan H. Kalicki and David L. Goldwyn (Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2005). The same chapter has also been translated into Japanese.
David Alan Grier has published “Irene Stegun, the Handbook of Mathematical Functions, and the Lingering Influence of the New Deal” in the August-September 2006 edition of The American Mathematical Monthly. In the same edition Grier’s latest book, “When Computers Were Human” was reviewed.
Edward D. Berkowitz recently published Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies (Columbia University Press).
Leon Fuerth published “Strategic Myopia,” in which he makes a case for Forward Engagement, in the spring edition of The National Interest.
Hope Harrison recently published “Ulbricht and the CPSU's 20th Congress: Stonewalling on Political Reforms in the GDR, 1956-1958” in the current issue of Deutschland Archiv, the main German journal on diplomatic history.
Bruce J. Dickson received a grant in excess of $200,000 from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to evaluate Chinese entrepreneurs as potential agents of political change.
Amitai Etzioni published “Leveraging Islam” in the spring edition of The National Interest.
Gregg Brazinsky was named a Policy Research Scholar of the GW Institute of Public Policy for the 2006-2007 academic year.
Herbert J. Davis co-edited Management in India: Trends and Transition (Sage Publications/Response Books, 2006).
The Center for International Science and Technology Policy has released a report prepared for the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D.C. entitled “Centers of Research and Development in the United States.”
Inder Sud, along with Monika François (M.A.’ 05), published “Promoting Stability and Development in Fragile and Failed States” in the March 2006 issue of Development Policy Review.
Murhaf Jouejati published “Syrian WMD Programs in Context,” in Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
Deborah Avant, published “The Privatization of Security: Lessons from Iraq” in the spring 2006 issue of Orbis, the Foreign Policy Research Institute’s journal.
Kirk Larsen, published “Trade, Dependency, and Colonialism: Foreign Trade and Korea’s Regional Integration, 1876-1910” in Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia (M.E. Sharpe, December 2005).
The Center of International Science and Technology policy has been awarded a research contract with the Greek government.
The Space Policy Institute, which is housed within the Center for International Science and Technology Policy, was awarded a research grant with NASA and the NOAA ( 107KB).
Susan Sell has published Intellectual Property Rights: A Critical History with Christopher May. The book traces the history of social conflict and political machinations surrounding the making of property out of knowledge.
Hossein Askari published “Bush Must Develop Realistic Plan for Middle East” in the December 2005 edition of the National Interest.
James Rosenau has published The Study of World Politics, a two volume set that looks at Theoretical and Methodological Challenges and Globalization and Governance.
Andrew Zimmerman has published “A German Alabama in Africa: The Tuskegee Expedition to German Togo and the Transnational Origins of West African Cotton Growers” in the American Historical Review.
James M. Goldgeier and Steven Weber published “Getting to No” in the Winter 2005/2006 edition of the National Interest.
Henry Hale has published Why Not Parties in Russia? Democracy, Federalism, and the State (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Ersel Aydinli published “The Turkish Military’s March Toward Europe” with Nihat Ali Özcan and Dogan Akyaz in the January issue of Foreign Affairs.
David Campbell has published Knowledge Creation, Diffusion and Use in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters: A Comparative Systems Approach across the United States, Europe, and Asia (Praeger, 2006) with Elias G. Carayannis of the GW School of Business.
Martha Finnemore and her co-author from the University of Minnesota, Michael Barnet, have been awarded the 2004 International Studies Association Book Award, the first award of its kind for the Association, for their book Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics.
Jim Goldgeier and Derek Chollet published “The Faulty Premises of the Next Marshall Plan” ( 92KB) in The Washington Quarterly (Winter 2005-2006).
Matthew O’Gara was named the “2005 District of Columbia Professor of the Year” by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the Council for Advancement and Support of Education.
Murhaf Jouejati published “Inextricably Linked: The U.S. and Syria” ( 340KB) in the October 2005 issues of the Foreign Service Journal.
Ersel Aydinli and James N. Rosenau have a published an edited volume entitled Security and the Nation State: Paradigms in Transition (Suny Press, 2005), which studies the links among the concepts of globalization, security, and the authority of the nation state.
In a survey of political science professors published in Foreign Policy, Martha Finnemore was recognized as among those doing the most interesting research. James Rosenau was cited among the most influential scholars in international affairs, and GW ranked within the top 10 international affairs programs.
Walter Reich will deliver the November Bradley Lecture at the American Enterprise Institute. He will discuss the use and abuse of Holocaust memory on November 14.
David Shinn and GW alum Joshua Eisenman published “Dueling Priorities for Beijing in the Horn of Africa” in the October 13 edition of the Jamestown Foundation’s China Brief.
James Rosenau has published On the Cutting Edge of Globalization: an Inquiry into American Elites (Rowan and Littlefield, 2005) and The Study of World Politics (Taylor & Francis Group 2005), a two volume edition on the theoretical and methodological challenges and governance and globalization.
Richard Robin was awarded the Bender Teaching Award, which was founded in 1999 and endowed by Morton Bender and The George Washington University. Each award grants a $500 prize to be used by the recipient for faculty development activities.
David Fabrycky, a student in the International Affairs M.A. Program, published “U.S. Public Diplomacy and Religion in the Muslim World” in the fall 2005 edition of The Review of Faith and International Affairs. The article discusses the role of religion in the U.S. public diplomacy strategy.
Henry Farrell wrote an article entitled “The Blogosphere as a Carnival of Ideas,” which appeared in the October 7 edition of the Chronicle of Higher Education. Professor Farrell will speak about the Blogosphere on October 11.
Taras Kuzio publishes a weekly column in the Jamestown Foundation’s Eurasia Daily Monitor. This week, he discussed Russian involvement in the Ukrainian elections.
Henry R. Nau gave a lecture entitled “President Bush's Classic Conservatism: Do Europeans Understand Red State America, and its Foreign Policy?” at the American Embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
Henry E. Hale is the co-winner of the 2005 Alexander L. George Award, given by the Qualitative Methods Section of the American Political Science Association for the best qualitative methods article for his article “Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse”, which was featured in the January 2004 edition of World Politics.
Deborah Avant’s book “The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security,” has been published by Cambridge University Press. She answers a few questions on the role of private security companies in our Q&A.
Marie Price’s book “Globalization and Diversity: Geography of a Changing World,” has been published by Prentice Hall. The text was co-authored by Les Rowntree, Martin Lewis, and William Wyckoff.