ÿþ<html> <head> <title>Visualizing Japanese Grammar</title> </head> <body> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><img src='cover.jpg' width=400></td><td width=10></td><td>This page provides links to 66 Flash animations of various grammatical structures in Japanese and 12 downloadable appendices.<br><br> Before you begin, check the vocabulary items by clicking on the link. To begin an animation, click on a picture. After each animation, check your comprehension by taking a short quiz. <hr> <center><span style='font-size:8pt; color:gray'>This site has been funded in part by a grant from the Japan Foundation. Updated on 5/3/2008. <a href="https://www.gwu.edu/online_giving/" target="_blank"><img src="giving.gif" width=80></a></span></center> <hr>If you are looking for specific patterns, download <a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/grammarindex.xls'>this slightly improved index</a>. <hr>If you cannot view the animations, <a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/instruction.htm');">read this page</a>.<br> <script language="JavaScript1.2"> //Neon Lights Text II by G.P.F. (gpf@beta-cc.de) //visit http://www.beta-cc.de //Visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com for this script var message="If you are 18 years old or older, please take a minute to " var neonbasecolor="gray" var neontextcolor="yellow" var neontextcolor2="#FFFFA8" var flashspeed=100 // speed of flashing in milliseconds var flashingletters=3 // number of letters flashing in neontextcolor var flashingletters2=1 // number of letters flashing in neontextcolor2 (0 to disable) var flashpause=0 // the pause between flash-cycles in milliseconds ///No need to edit below this line///// var n=0 if (document.all||document.getElementById){ document.write('<font color="'+neonbasecolor+'">') for (m=0;m<message.length;m++) document.write('<span id="neonlight'+m+'">'+message.charAt(m)+'</span>') document.write('</font>') } else document.write(message) function crossref(number){ var crossobj=document.all? eval("document.all.neonlight"+number) : document.getElementById("neonlight"+number) return crossobj } function neon(){ //Change all letters to base color if (n==0){ for (m=0;m<message.length;m++) crossref(m).style.color=neonbasecolor } //cycle through and change individual letters to neon color crossref(n).style.color=neontextcolor if (n>flashingletters-1) crossref(n-flashingletters).style.color=neontextcolor2 if (n>(flashingletters+flashingletters2)-1) crossref(n-flashingletters-flashingletters2).style.color=neonbasecolor if (n<message.length-1) n++ else{ n=0 clearInterval(flashing) setTimeout("beginneon()",flashpause) return } } function beginneon(){ if (document.all||document.getElementById) flashing=setInterval("neon()",flashspeed) } beginneon() </script> <a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/152793.html' target='new'>rate this site</a>.<br> Do you know how to type in Japanese? <a href='http://www.quia.com/cz/72070.html' target='new'>Try this activity</a>. </td></tr></table> <hr><br> <span style='font-size:16pt'><b>Table of Contents</b></span><hr> <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- var newwindow; function poptastic(url) { newwindow=window.open(url,'name','height=400,width=400'); if (window.focus) {newwindow.focus()} } // --> </script> <b>Unit 1: Sentence types</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/01sentencetypes/01sentencetypes.html' target='new'><img src='image01.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains three basic types of sentences in Japanese: those ending in a noun phrase and the copula, those ending in an adjective (and optionally the copula), and those ending in a verb. <br><br> <a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist01.htm');"> Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1043997.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 20. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118632.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 2: Word order</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/02wordorder/02wordorder.html' target='new'><img src='image02.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that the verb must appear last in a Japanese sentence. The exact word order of noun phrases is not as important, so long as they appear before the verb and are accompanied by correct particles. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist02.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1044115.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118186.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 3: Simple noun phrases</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/03simplenps/03simplenps.html' target='new'><img src='image03.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to form simple noun phrases of the types [noun + <i>no</i> + head noun] and [adjective + head noun]. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist03.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1044122.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 4 and 37. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118214.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 4: Spatial relations</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/04spatialrelations/04spatialrelations.html' target='new'><img src='image04.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that spatial relations in Japanese are expressed with noun phrases in the form of [reference point + <i>no</i> + relative position] as in <i>watashi-no ushiro</i>  behind me. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist04.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1044628.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 3. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118215.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 5: Adjectives</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/05adjectives/05adjectives.html' target='new'><img src='image05.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit first explains two types of adjectives: <i>i</i>-adjectives and <i>na</i>-adjectives. In addition, it explains the properties of adjective-like nouns that are somewhat difficult to distinguish from <i>na</i>-adjecitves. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist05.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1046575.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 18, 19, and 22. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118187.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 6: Location particles</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/06locationparticles/06locationparticles.html' target='new'><img src='image06.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the particles <i>e</i>, <i>ni</i>, <i>de</i>, <i>kara</i>, and <i>made</i>. In addition, the so-called  traversal use of the particle <i>o</i> is explained. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist06.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1047465.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118213.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 7: Transitivity 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/07transitivity1/07transitivity1.html' target='new'><img src='image07.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the proto-typical distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs. Apparent exceptions to the principle are also explained. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist07.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1047470.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 16, 29, 36, 53, and 63. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118188.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 8: Particle <i>wa</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/08particlewa/08particlewa.html' target='new'><img src='image08.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that the main function of the particle <i>wa</i> is to link related sentences into a coherent passage. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist08.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1048167.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 9. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118189.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 9: Particle <i>mo</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/09particlemo/09particlemo.html' target='new'><img src='image09.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that the particle <i>mo</i> adds a thing to a set of items that meet a certain condition. It also shows that the function and the distribution of the particle <i>mo</i> are very similar to those of the particle <i>wa</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist09.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1052264.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 8 and 55. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118190.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 10: Particles in communication</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/10particlesincommunication/10particlesincommunication.html' target='new'><img src='image10.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit shows that particles in Japanese are very useful in communication on their own. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist10.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1052297.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 16, 17, and 58. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118211.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 11: Demonstrative pronouns</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/11demonstrativepronouns/11demonstrativepronouns.html' target='new'><img src='image11.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to use the demonstrative series <i>ko-</i>, <i>so-</i>, <i>a-</i>, and <i>do-</i> in the concrete as well as abstract domains. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist11.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1052312.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118199.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 12: Counters</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/12counters/12counters.html' target='new'><img src='image12.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit contrasts two different methods of using numeral expressions containing counters such as <i>mai</i>  sheet and <i>satsu</i>  volume. In one, numeral expressions are used to count items. In the other, numeral expressions are used to characterize a specific group in terms of its size. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist12.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1052362.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118212.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 13: <i>Wh</i> questions</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/13whquestions/13whquestions.html' target='new'><img src='image13.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit illustrates that Japanese <i>wh</i> questions (questions containing counterparts of <i>who</i>, <i>what</i>, <i>why</i>, etc.) are structured exactly like their answers and that this feature makes it quite easy to construct and answer complex <i>wh</i> questions in Japanese even though they may be difficult to translate into English. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist13.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1052965.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 35, 37, and 47. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118200.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 14: Expressing change of state</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/14change/14change.html' target='new'><img src='image14.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to describe change of state. Specifically, the following two types of patterns, the adjectival type and the nominal type constructions are illustrated: <i>ku</i>-form of adjective + <i>naru</i>  become ; noun-<i>ni</i> + <i>naru</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist14.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1053635.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 18 and 41. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118216.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 15: Measuring and telling time</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/15measuringandtellingtime/15measuringandtellingtime.html' target='new'><img src='image15.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to use expressions like <i>ichi-jikan</i>  one hour and <i>ichi-ji</i>  one o clock. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist15.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1053660.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118201.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 16: Verbs and noun phrases 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/16verbsandnps1/16verbsandnps1.html' target='new'><img src='image16.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit classifies verbs into categories on the basis of semantic characteristics of their associated noun phrases. It also shows what particles can go with what verbs. The verbs in this set are primarily transitive, or take a target. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist16.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1055360.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 7, 10, and 17. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118202.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 17: Verbs and noun phrases 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/17verbsandnps2/17verbsandnps2.html' target='new'><img src='image17.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit continues with the task of classifying verbs on the basis of their associated noun phrases. The verbs in this unit are mainly intransitive. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist17.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1056176.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 6, 10, 16, and 52. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118203.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 18: Adverbs and modifiers of nouns</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/18adverbsandmodifiers/18adverbsandmodifiers.html' target='new'><img src='image18.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that Japanese makes a sharp distinction between elements modifying verbs and elements modifying nouns. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist18.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1056352.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a><br>See also Units 5, 14, and 41. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118204.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 19: Speech styles</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/19speechstyles/19speechstyles.html' target='new'><img src='image19.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit introduces the distinction between direct-style forms and polite forms. The primary factor for this distinction is the nature of the audience. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist19.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1131760.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 56, and 65. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118205.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 20: Verbal conjugations</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/20verbalconjugations/20verbalconjugations.html' target='new'><img src='image20.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to derive various conjugational forms of so-called one-step verbs, five-step verbs, and irregular verbs. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist20.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1129357.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 19. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118206.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 21: Cause and effect</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/21causeandeffect/21causeandeffect.html' target='new'><img src='image21.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to express cause-effect relationships. It clarifies that the cause always precedes the effect in Japanese. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist21.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1132070.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 22. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118217.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 22: Connecting sentences</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/22connectingsentences/22connectingsentences.html' target='new'><img src='image22.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit focuses on <i>te</i>-forms as a means of connecting very closely related events. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist22.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1130910.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 21, 37, 38, and 44. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118297.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 23: Continuative 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/23progressive/23progressive.html' target='new'><img src='image23.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the basic use of the continuative construction [<i>te</i>-form + <i>iru</i>] in the sense of progressive aspect. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist23.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1131110.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 25 and 26. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118298.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 24: Directional verbs</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/24directionalverbs/24directionalverbs.html' target='new'><img src='image24.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit focuses on the use of <i>kuru</i>  come and <i>iku</i>  go as auxiliary verbs. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist24.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1131908.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 49 and 53. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118299.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 25: Continuative 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/25resultantte-patterns/25resultantte-patterns.html' target='new'><img src='image25.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the other meaning of the <i>te iru</i> construction introduced in Unit 9, namely the continuation of a resultant state. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist25.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1132094.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 23, 26, 53, and 64. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118300.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 26: Describing clothing</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/26describingclothing/26describingclothing.html' target='new'><img src='image26.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit examines an application of the concept explained in Unit 10. It shows how the resultant continuative construction is used to describe how a person is dressed. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist26.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1130166.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 23 and 25. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118301.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 27: Comparison of objects</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/27comparisonofobjects/27comparisonofobjects.html' target='new'><img src='image27.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the pattern used for comparison. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist27.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1132876.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 46. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118302.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 28: Combining particles</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/28multipleparticles/28multipleparticles.html' target='new'><img src='image28.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how the particles <i>wa</i>, <i>mo</i>, and <i>no</i> are combined with other particles. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist28.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1133670.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118303.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 29: Expressions of desire</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/29expressionsofdesire/29expressionsofdesire.html' target='new'><img src='image29.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit compares the pattern for expressing one's desire for one's own action and the pattern for expressing one's desire for other people's action. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist29.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1134344.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 7. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118304.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 30: Probability</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/30probability/30probability.html' target='new'><img src='image30.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains sentence-final elements <i>deshô</i>  it is probably the case and <i>kamo shirenai</i>  there is the possibility which mark the likelihood of an event. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist30.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1134720.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 36. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118305.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 31: Temporal clauses with <i>nagara</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/31temporalclauseswithnagara/31temporalclauseswithnagara.html' target='new'><img src='image31.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to use <i>nagara</i>. The differences between <i>nagara</i> and its closest English equivalent <i>while</i> are pointed out. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist31.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1135097.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118306.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 32: Purpose phrases 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/32purposephrases1/32purposephrases1.html' target='new'><img src='image32.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes the purpose construction [location + <i>ni</i>/<i>e</i> + verbal stem + <i>ni</i> + verb of movement], which is used in sentences such as <i>umi-ni oyogi-ni iku</i>  I go to the beach for a swim. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist32.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1131350.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 43, 44, and 45. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118320.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 33: Listing options</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/33listingoptions/33listingoptions.html' target='new'><img src='image33.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to give examples of things, actions, or events. The expressions involved are <i>ka</i>, <i>ya</i>, <i>toka</i>, and <i>tari</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist33.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1135476.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118321.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 34: Elements appearing with negative endings</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/34elementsappearingwithnegation/34elementsappearingwithnegation.html' target='new'><img src='image34.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains constructions such as <i>daremo & nai</i>  no one and <i>shika & nai</i>  nothing but. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist34.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1135830.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 35. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118322.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 35: More on <i>wh</i> expressions</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/35moreonwhexpressions/35moreonwhexpressions.html' target='new'><img src='image35.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit continues with the topic of the construction [<i>wh</i> element + <i>mo</i>] and expands into the construction [<i>wh</i> element + <i>ka</i>]. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist35.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1137981.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 13, 34, and 37. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118323.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 36: Tentative forms</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/36tentativeforms/36tentativeforms.html' target='new'><img src='image36.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes the constructions <i>mashô</i> and <i>yô</i>, which roughly correspond to <i>let's</i> in English. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist36.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1136154.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 7, 30, 40, and 53. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118324.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 37: Complex noun phrases</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/37complexnp/37complexnp.html' target='new'><img src='image37.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to form and use Japanese counterparts of complex noun phrases such as <i>the cake that Mr. Kimura made</i> and <i>a woman who was waiting for a bus</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist37.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1138287.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 3, 13, and 22. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118308.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 38: Nominalization 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/38nominalization1/38nominalization1.html' target='new'><img src='image38.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to form and use Japanese counterparts of constructions like the bracketed parts below:<br> I remember [my mother cooking in our old kitchen].<br>[For me to cook] is a major event.<br>It is surprising [that you should cook]. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist38.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1138997.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 22, 50, and 52. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118309.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 39: <i>N-desu</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/39n-desu/39n-desu.html' target='new'><img src='image39.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the so-called  extended predicate construction, <i>n-desu</i> and its variations, which is used when making explanatory comments on personal circumstances. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist39.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1139326.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 38. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118310.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 40: Quoting statements and assertions</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/40quotingstatementsandassertions/40quotingstatementsandassertions.html' target='new'><img src='image40.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to quote statements or beliefs. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist40.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1140831.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 19, 36, 38, and 56. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118331.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 41: Source of information 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/41sourceofinformation/41sourceofinformation.html' target='new'><img src='image41.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> In Japanese, the  source of information is typically marked at the end of a sentence by a noun-like element. Representative of this type of construction are: <i>yô</i>  evidence, <i>hazu</i>  common understanding, <i>tsumori</i>  intention, belief, and <i>sô</i>  hearsay. This unit explains the first of these. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist41.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1139354.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 42. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118332.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 42: Source of information 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/42sourceofinformation2/42sourceofinformation2.html' target='new'><img src='image42.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit continues with the topic of marking the source of information and explains how to use <i>hazu</i>  common understanding, <i>tsumori</i>  intention, belief, and <i>sô</i>  hearsay. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist42.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1139845.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 41 and 44. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118333.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 43: Purpose phrases 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/43purposephrases2/43purposephrases2.html' target='new'><img src='image43.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes two more purpose constructions, [direct sentense + <i>no-ni</i>] and [direct sentence + <i>tame-ni</i>]. Differences between these constructions and the other purpose construction studied in Unit 32 are also pointed out. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist43.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1143166.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 32 and 44. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118334.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 44: <i>Sô</i> vs. <i>yô</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/44soovsyoo/44soovsyoo.html' target='new'><img src='image44.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit contrasts two markers of source of information, <i>sô</i> and <i>yô</i>, as seen in <i>taka-sô-da</i> and <i>takai yô-da</i>. It points out that <i>sô</i>, which takes a stem form, marks the judgment as more intuitive and immediate than <i>yô</i>, which takes a direct-style sentence and marks the judgment as more objective and detached. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist44.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1145990.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 22, 32, 42, and 43. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118335.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 45: Quoting requests</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/45quotingrequests/45quotingrequests.html' target='new'><img src='image45.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that quoting requests indirectly requires a different pattern from that for quoting statements. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist45.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1143185.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 19, 40, 41, 42, and 44. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118336.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 46: Comparison of events</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/46comparisonofevents/46comparisonofevents.html' target='new'><img src='image46.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains how to compare two events using <i>yori</i>  than and <i>hô</i>  option. The pattern is essentially the same as the pattern described in Unit 27 for comparing two things, except that direct-style sentences are used. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist46.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1140156.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 27. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118337.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 47: Patterns of uncertainty</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/47patternsofuncertainty/47patternsofuncertainty.html' target='new'><img src='image47.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit contrasts the embedding of a question with <i>ka</i> and the <i>tara</i>-conditional pattern, both of which can be translated into English with <i>if</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist47.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1141816.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 5, 13, and 48. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118338.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 48: Two more conditionals</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/48twomoreconditionals/48twomoreconditionals.html' target='new'><img src='image48.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains two more conditional patterns, the <i>reba</i>-conditional, which is more hypothetical, and the <i>to</i>-conditional, which leads to an inevitable consequence. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist48.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1142148.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 47. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118325.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 49: Verbs of giving</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/49verbsofgiving/49verbsofgiving.html' target='new'><img src='image49.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit first explains the basic difference between two verbs corresponding to <i>give</i>. Their auxiliary usage is explained next. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist49.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1140102.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 24 and 53. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118326.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 50: Nominalization 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/50nominalization2/50nominalization2.html' target='new'><img src='image50.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains a number of constructions that contain the nominalizer <i>koto</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist50.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1147358.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 38, 40, and 52. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118327.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 51: Tense</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/51tense/51tense.html' target='new'><img src='image51.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains that the tense (past or non-past) in the subordinate clause in Japanese is determined relative to the main clause rather than to the point where the speaker is. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist51.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1148215.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118328.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 52: <i>No</i> and <i>koto</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/52noandkoto/52noandkoto.html' target='new'><img src='image52.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit contrasts the pronominal and nominalizing functions of <i>no</i> and <i>koto</i>. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist52.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1153911.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 38 and 50. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118329.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 53: Patterns of consequence</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/53patternsofconsequence/53patternsofconsequence.html' target='new'><img src='image53.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit summarizes a number of patterns involving <i>te</i>-forms and those verbs that can be used as auxiliary verbs. Specifically, the verbs described are <i>ageru</i>, <i>kureru</i>, <i>iru</i>, <i>kuru</i>, <i>iku</i>, <i>oku</i>, <i>aru</i>, <i>shimau</i>, <i>miru</i>, and <i>miseru</i>. In combination with a <i>te</i>-form, these verbs indicate that the event or action has some consequence or impact to a receiver, a destination, a future point, an observer, etc. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist53.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1148466.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 7, 24, 25, 49, 54, and 64. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118330.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 54: <i>Temo</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/54temo/54temo.html' target='new'><img src='image54.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit discusses the use of <i>te</i>-forms followed by the particle <i>mo</i>. The basic meaning of this construction is that different conditions lead to an identical consequence. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist54.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1145771.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 22, 53, and 55. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118351.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 55: Permission and prohibition</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/55permissionandprohibition/55permissionandprohibition.html' target='new'><img src='image55.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes the patterns for permission, exemption, prohibition, and obligation, which are created by combining a positive or negative <i>te</i>-form with <i>mo ii</i> (permissive attitude) or <i>wa ikenai</i> (restrictive attitude). <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist55.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1149960.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 54. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118352.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 56: Honorifics</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/56honorifics/56honorifics.html' target='new'><img src='image56.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes the system of honorifics in Japanese, beginning with honorific kinship terms and ending with honorific verbs. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist56.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1151349.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 19. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118353.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 57: Apologies and thanks</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/57apologiesandthanks/57apologiesandthanks.html' target='new'><img src='image57.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes the patterns for apologies and thanks consisting of a <i>te</i>-form and an expression of apology or appreciation. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist57.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1152531.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 53. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118354.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 58: Requests and commands</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/58requestsandcommands/58requestsandcommands.html' target='new'><img src='image58.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes various patterns for requests and commands from the more polite type to the more brusque type. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist58.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1153482.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 10. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118355.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 59: Passive</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/59passive/59passive.html' target='new'><img src='image59.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit first explains the contrast between active and passive sentences in English. How to form passive sentences in Japanese is explained next. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist59.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1148674.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 60. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118339.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 60: Adversity passive</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/60adversitypassive/60adversitypassive.html' target='new'><img src='image60.jpg'></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains another type of passive construction known as  adversity or  affective passive. This constuction utilizes the same passive verb forms studied in Unit 59, but for a different effect. It indicates that the subject is adversely affected by someone s action. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist60.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1148768.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Unit 59. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118340.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 61: Patterns of control 1</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/61control1causative/61control1causative.html' target='new'><img src='image61.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the causative constructions in which the subject lets or forces someone to do something. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist61.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1143507.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118341.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 62: Patterns of control 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/62control2 te-morau/62control2 te-morau.html' target='new'><img src='image62.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit explains the te <i>morau</i> construction, which is similar to that of the <i>let</i> causative. The subject in this construction is grateful for the action performed by someone. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist62.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1144893.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 60 and 61. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118342.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 63: Transitivity 2</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/63transitivity2/63transitivity2.html' target='new'><img src='image63.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes how to use pairs of closely related transitive and intransitive verbs. The effect of using such intransitive verbs with the resultant continuative construction <i>te iru</i> is also discussed. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist63.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1149051.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 7 and 25. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118343.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 64: <i>Te aru</i> and <i>te iru</i></b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/64tearuandteiru/64tearuandteiru.html' target='new'><img src='image64.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit discusses the differences between <i>te aru</i> and <i>te iru</i> when paired with the type of intransitive verbs studied in Unit 63. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist64.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1149954.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 25, 53, and 63. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118356.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 65: Male and female differences</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/65maleandfemaledifferences/65maleandfemaledifferences.html' target='new'><img src='image65.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit describes differences between male and female casual speech patterns with the focus on the endings. <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist65.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1151422.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br>See also Units 19 and 58. <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118344.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr> <b>Unit 66: Common errors</b><br> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/66commonerrors/66commonerrors.html' target='new'><img src='image66.jpg'></a></td><td width=10></td><td> This unit illustrates a number of errors that a student of Japanese should avoid (although we admit that teachers of Japanese love them). <br><br><a href="javascript:poptastic('http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/vjghomepage/wordlist66.htm');">Word list</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/quiz/1154023.html' target='new'>Take a quiz.</a> <br><a href='http://www.quia.com/sv/118345.html' target='new'>Comments and suggestions</a></td></tr></table><hr><br> <span style='font-size:16pt'><b>Appendices</b></span><br><hr> <table cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td><img src='appendix.jpg' width=300></td><td width=10></td><td>Download the PowerPoint shows by right-clicking on the links. Units for which they may be helpful are indicated in parentheses. <ol> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/conjugation summary.pps'>Conjugation summary</a> (Unit 19)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/direct forms.pps'>Direct forms</a> (Units 19-22, 30, 33, 36-39, 41-48)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/kinship terms.pps'>Kinship terms</a> (Unit 56)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/na- and no-adjectives.pps'><i>Na</i>- and <i>no</i>-adjectives</a> (Unit 5)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/numbers.pps'>Numbers</a> (Unit 12)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/particles.pps'>Particles</a> (Units 2 and 10)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/potential forms.pps'>Potential forms</a> (Units 7 and 59)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/stem forms.pps'>Stem forms</a> (Units 22, 28-32, 36, 43-44, 58, and 64)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/te-forms.pps'><i>Te</i>-forms</a> (Units 5, 22-26, 29, 33, 36, 49, 53-55, 57-58, 62, and 64)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/temporal expressions.pps'>Temporal expressions</a> (Unit 15)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/transitive pairs.pps'>Transitive pairs</a> (Unit 63)<br> <li><a href='http://www.gwu.edu/~eall/vjg/appendices/wh expressions.pps'><i>Wh</i> expressions</a> (Units 2, 13, 34-35, and 54)</ol></td></tr></table><hr> <script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> _uacct = "UA-2842990-1"; urchinTracker(); </script> </body><br> </html>